Global Cell Counting Market

Cell culture is a process for developing substrates for the safe production of viral vaccines. 3D cell culture is an in vitro technique wherein the cells can grow in an artificially created environment. The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the chain or as part of other products. The main types of 3D cell culture technologies are scaffold-based, scaffold-free, and 3D bioreactors. The 3D bioreactors are small plastic cylinder chambers designed specifically for growing cells in three dimensions. The various scaffold-based technologies include hydrogels, polymeric scaffolds, micropatterned surface microplates and the different scaffold-free technologies are hanging drop microplates, spheroid microplates, microfluidic 3d cell culture, magnetic levitation and 3D bioprinting. The technologies are applied for cancer research, stem cell research, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine that are used by research laboratories and institutes, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, hospitals and diagnostic centers, and other end users. The 3D cell culture technologies market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides 3D cell culture technologies market statistics, including 3D cell culture technologies industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a 3D cell culture technologies market share, detailed 3D cell culture technologies market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the 3D cell culture technologies industry. This 3D cell culture technologies market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global 3d cell culture technologies market grew from $2.39 billion in 2022 to $2.83 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.2%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The 3d cell culture technologies market is expected to grow from $5.65 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 18.9%. The increasing requirement for organ transplantation is driving the 3D Cell Culture Technologies Market. 3D cell culture helps in forming a three-dimensional structure which further helps in mimicking the tissue or organ and therefore helps in organ transplantation. 3D cell structures are capable of tissue and organ regeneration as well as providing the provision for drug toxicology screening. For instance, according to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation network, an American non-profit organization administering the organ transplantation in the US, 41,354 organ transplantations were performed in the United States in 2021 which was an increase of 5.9% as compared to 2020 and the number exceeded 40,000 mark for the first time ever.. The possibility of contaminating the cells is restricting the 3D Cell Culture technologies market. Contamination of the cell culture refers to the presence of bacteria, moulds, yeasts, viruses, and mycoplasma that can adversely affect the cell culture. Contamination usually occurs when the cells are mishandled or due to the lack of adequate care, as a result the process of regeneration may get affected. According to a study conducted by Yale and Tuff's university, it was found that 3D cultures are more complex than 2D cell cultures and they require a more controlled cellular environment in order to mimic structures for tissue or organ transplants. Therefore, probability of cell culture contamination is relatively higher in 3D cell cultures. Implementing the latest technology is the latest trend in the 3D Cell culture market. For example, various companies have adopted one such advancement in the market for 3D cell culture, this is the use of the vivo/vitro environment. Cell expansion and interactions under 2D are not appropriate in vitro models but when compared with 3D cell culture technique, it offers a better cell culture environment. The Vitro environment enables researchers or doctors to conduct the procedure in a controlled environment outside the organism. This procedure is gaining importance as it plays a vital role in monitoring the health of patients. FDA approved Biotek's 3D cell expansion system to be used as a medical device. It also approved Biotek's Polycaprolactone (PCL) which is a biodegradable polyester material that is used in many FDA-approved implants and drug delivery devices. FDA regulates the cell culture technologies under title 21, sec 864.2240. FDA states that cell and tissue culture technologies should be labelled or mentioned as sterile, or else they would be removed from the good manufacturing practice of the quality system. Each technology unit should maintain procedures to receive, review, and evaluate complaints. These procedures should also include consistent documentation of the receipts. In May 2021, CELLINK Group, a USA-based start-up that designs and supplies technologies and services to enhance biology research, has acquired Visikol Corporation for $7.5 million. With this acquisition, CELLINK made an entrance into the contract research market. Visikol Corp., an American contract research services company that provides pharma and biotech industries with leading services in 3D cell culture, 3D tissue imaging, multiplex imaging, and digital pathology. Major players in the 3D cell culture technologies market are Becton Dickinson, Corning Incorporation, Eppendorf, GE Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Lonza, HiMedia Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, PromoCell GmbH, CellGenix GmbH, InvivoGen, Greiner Bio-One, Irvine Scientific, Cell Culture Company (CCC) LLC., Sera Care Life Sciences Incorporation, American Type Culture Collection, Miltenyi Biotec, AITbiotech, ESSEN, Sigma-Aldrich, Bel-Art, MilliporeSigma, Cellgenix, Sumitomo Bakelite, EMD Millipore, AffymetrixInc., VWR International, LLC., WHEATON IndustriesInc., and Sartorius AG. North America was the largest region in the 3D cell culture technologies market in 2022. Western Europe was the second largest region in the 3D cell culture technologies market. The regions covered in the global 3D cell culture technologies market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the 3D cell culture technologies market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The 3D cell culture technologies market consists of sales of 3D cell culture technologies such as microfluidics, hydrogels scaffolds, scaffold-free 3D cell culture techniques, spheroids, cube, spherical droplet, stacked plate, magnetic bead, organ-on-chips and other technologies. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The global 3D cell culture technologies market is segmented - 1) By Type: Scaffold-based, Scaffold-free, 3D Bioreactors 2) By End Users: Research Laboratories and Institutes, Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Companies, Hospitals and Diagnostic Centers, Other End Users 3) By Scaffold-based: Hydrogels, Polymeric scaffolds, Micropatterned Surface Microplates 4) By Scaffold-free: Hanging Drop Microplates, Spheroid Microplates, Microfluidic 3D Cell Culture, Magnetic Levitations & 3D Bioprinting 5) By Application: Cancer Research, Stem Cell Research, Drug Discovery, Regenerative Medicine

Cell culture consumables and equipment are designed to aid scientists in growing new cells in the culture media for drug development, tissue culture, engineering, gene therapy, vaccine production, and toxicity testing. The main products in cell culture consumables and equipment are consumables and instruments. The cell culture instruments involve the various instruments that are required for cell culture in the cell culture laboratory. The various instruments used in cell culture are cell culture vessels, bioreactors, biosafety cabinets, carbon dioxide incubators, and centrifuge and consumables are media, sera, and reagents. The applications involved are vaccination, toxicity testing, cancer research, drug screening and development, recombinant products, stem cell technology, regenerative medicine, and others that are used by end-users such as industrial, biotechnology, agriculture, and others. The cell culture consumables and equipment market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides cell culture consumables and equipment market statistics, including cell culture consumables and equipment industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a cell culture consumables and equipment market share, detailed cell culture consumables and equipment market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the cell culture consumables and equipment industry. This cell culture consumables and equipment market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global cell culture consumables and equipment market grew from $10.99 billion in 2022 to $12.12 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.3%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The cell culture consumables and equipment market is expected to grow from $17.98 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.4%. An increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases is driving the growth of the cell culture consumables and equipment market. Chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart diseases, obesity, and hypertension are growing rapidly. A few chronic diseases are caused due to loss or damage of certain types of cells. Such diseases can be cured by replacing the destroyed cells with new ones that are produced by pluripotent stem cells, using cell culture consumables and equipment. So, with the rising incidence of chronic diseases, there is an increased need for such equipment that can produce new cells outside the natural environment, thus driving the growth of this market. For example, according to the World Health Organization, chronic disease prevalence is expected to rise by 57% by the year 2020. Contamination of cell culture is the most prominent factor restricting the growth of cell culture consumables and equipment market. Contaminated culture is the presence of non-living substances or unwanted foreign microorganisms that have undesirable effects on the cell culture. Using contaminated culture cells has several negative consequences on the users and thus hampers the growth of this market. For example, an article published on MedCrave, stated that Mycoplasma is one of the most common and difficult to detect contaminants. The article also highlighted the results of a study on fibroblasts and keratinocyte cell lines that showed 32.35% of contamination, out of which 17.65% were mycoplasma contaminated cultures, followed by fungal (8.82%) and bacterial (5.88%) contaminants. Hence, the high risk associated with cell culture techniques poses a threat to the growth of the cell culture consumables and equipment market. Companies in cell culture consumables and equipment are investing more in 3D cell culture for its new and advantageous features. 3D cell culture may be defined as the culture of living cells within micro-assembled devices and supports that present a three-dimensional structure and are used to replicate a tissue or an organ in an artificial environment by allowing the cells to interact with the surroundings in all three directions. 3D cell cultures are more relevant with a higher degree of structural complexity and maintain the steady-state for more time as compared to 2D cell cultures. In August 2021, Amerigo Scientific, a US-based manufacturer of biomedical and life sciences products, launched #D cell cultures for research purposes. FDA regulates cell culture consumables and equipment in the U.S. Under title 21, Sec 864.2240. For cell and tissue culture equipment, the FDA states that if the equipment is not labelled or mentioned as sterile, it would be removed from the good manufacturing practises of the quality system. Additionally, each manufacturing unit should maintain procedures to receive, review, and evaluate complaints. These procedures require consistency and punctuality, along with the documentation of the receipts. Therefore, these regulatory standards improve the safety and efficacy of instruments and consumables used during cell culture processes. In July 2021, Sartorius, a Germany-based laboratory instrument manufacturer, acquired Xell AG for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition would expand Sartorius’ current media offering and other cell culture products. Xell AG is a Germany-based cell culture specialist. Major players in the cell culture consumables and equipment market are Becton Dickinson, Corning Incorporation, Eppendorf, GE Healthcare, Merck KGaA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Lonza, HiMedia Laboratories, Agilent Technologies, and PromoCell GmbH. North America was the largest region in the cell culture consumables and equipment market in 2022. Western Europe was the second largest region in the global cell culture consumables and equipment market report. The regions covered in the global cell culture consumables and equipment market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the cell culture consumables and equipment market are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The cell culture consumables and equipment market consists of sales of flasks, tubes, dishes or cryovials, serological pipettes or centrifugation tubes, bottles, cell scrapers, strainers, coverslips, and inserts. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the chain or as part of other products. The global cell culture consumables and equipment market is segmented - 1) By Product: Consumables, Instruments 2) By End User: Industrial, Biotechnology, Agriculture, Other End Users 3) By Application: Vaccination, Toxicity testing, Cancer Research, Drug Screening and Development, Recombinant Products, Stem cell technology, Regenerative Medicine, Other End Users 4) By Consumables: Media, Sera, Reagents 5) By Instruments: Cell Culture Vessels, Bioreactors, Biosafety Cabinets, Carbon Dioxide Incubators, Centrifuges

Anemia and Other Blood Disorder Drugs refer to the medications or drugs that are used to treat anemia and other blood disorder diseases. It refers to a blood condition that develops when a medication prompts the body's immune system to begin attacking its own red blood cells. Hemolysis, a process that causes red blood cells to degrade earlier than usual, is brought on by this. The main types of anemia and other blood disorder drugs are iron deficiency anemia, chronic kidney disease anemia, sickle cell anemia, and aplastic anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is a common kind of anemia in which the blood does not contain enough healthy red blood cells. The oxygen-carrying red blood cells transport oxygen to the body's cells. The different types of anemia include microcytic (Low MCV), normocytic (Normal MCV), and macrocytic (High MCV) and involve various routes of administration such as oral, and injectable. It is distributed through hospitals pharmacies, online pharmacies, and pharmacy. The anemia and other blood disorder drugs market research report are one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides anemia and other blood disorder drugs market statistics, including anemia and other blood disorder drugs industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with anemia and other blood disorder drugs market share, detailed anemia and other blood disorder drugs market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the anemia and other blood disorder drugs industry. This anemia and other blood disorder drugs market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global anemia and other blood disorder drugs market size will grow from $11.14 billion in 2022 to $11.87 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.6%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The global anemia and other blood disorder drugs market size is expected to grow to $14.80 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 5.7%. The increasing prevalence of anemia among the global population acts as a strong driving factor for the market. Unhealthy lifestyles, changing dietary habits and increased stress levels increased the cases of anemia worldwide. For instance, anemia was found to be the most frequent disease in the elderly population (> 65 years of age), reaching a prevalence rate of around 17%. the World Bank reported that anemia is the 8th leading cause of disease among women and the young population. Growth in the prevalence rate of anemia drives the market. There has been an increase in the use of biologics for treating anemia and other blood disorders. Biologics are composed of protein, sugar, nucleic acids, or a combination of these substances or might be derived from living organisms like humans, animals, or microorganisms or that may contain components of living organisms. The growth in the use of biologics over the drugs restricts the market resulting in the decline of the number of drugs being used for the treatment of anemia& other blood disorders. For example, Hospira, a medical device and pharmaceutical company, submitted its first biologics license application to FDA for the approval of a drug that treats anemia. Moreover, the FDA approved the first Epoetin Alfa biosimilar for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, or the use of zidovudine in patients with HIV infection. The increase in the use of biologics will hamper the growth of the market. Companies in the anemia and other blood disorder drugs market are collaborating with other companies to develop and commercialize a specific kind of drug by sharing the knowledge, technology, and cost. Such collaborations are also helpful to the companies in case of expiring licenses and a stringent regulatory environment. For example, in 2020, Akebia Therapeutics announced collaboration with Tobacco Inc. to treat adult patients with iron deficiency anemia. Another such example is, Akebia Therapeutics Inc. and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. agreed to manufacture and commercialize vadadustat, an oral HIF stabilizer, used for the treatment of anemia. The anemia and other blood disorder drugs market is governed by several regulatory bodies that regulate their functioning by carrying out quality checks for that drug before it can be launched in the market. For instance, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) requires every pharmaceutical company to get its drugs examined by the concerned authority. FDA sorts to a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for determining the safety and quality standards of the drug and grants approvals only if the standards are up to the mark. In October 2022, Pfizer, a US-based pharmaceutical company acquired Global Blood Therapeutics Inc. for an undisclosed amount. Through this acquisition, Pfizer expanded its portfolio in the development of drugs and brought various potential best-in-class treatments to people living with sickle cell disease. Global Blood Therapeutics Inc. is a US-based biotech company operating in anemia and other blood disorder drugs. Major players in the anemia and other blood disorder drugs market are Amgen Inc., GlaxoSmithKline PLC., Akebia Therapeutics, Bayer AG, Pfizer Inc., Regenbiopharma, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Merck Sharp &Dohme Corp., Novartis AG and Janssen Pharmaceutical. North America was the largest region in the anemia and other blood disorder drugs market in 2022. Middle East is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the global anemia and other blood disorder drugs market during the forecast period. The regions covered in the global anemia and other blood disorder drugs market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the anemia and other blood disorder drugs market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The anemia and other blood disorder drugs market consists of sales of folate analogues, multivitamin and mineral supplements, iron supplements, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The global anemia and other blood disorder drugs market is segmented - 1) By Type: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Chronic Kidney Disease Anemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Aplastic Anemia 2) By Distribution Channel: Hospitals Pharmacy, Online Pharmacy, Pharmacy 3) By Route of Administration: Oral, Injectable 4) By Anemia Type: Microcytic (Low MCV), Normocytic (Normal MCV), Macrocytic (High MCV)

Gene editing is a technology that allows genetic material to change genetic code at a particular location in a genome. It involves cell line engineering, animal genetic engineering, and plant genetic engineering. The main technology types of gene editing are CRISPR, TALEN, and ZFN. CRISPR is a novel technology that allows geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, inserting, or modifying DNA sequences. The various applications include biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and contract research organization that are used in animal genetic engineering, plant genetic engineering, and cell line engineering. The gene editing market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides gene editing market statistics, including gene editing industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a gene editing market share, detailed gene editing market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the gene editing industry. This gene editing market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global gene editing market will grow from $6.35 billion in 2022 to $7.44 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.3%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The global gene editing market is expected to grow to $14.28 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 17.7%. The rising infectious diseases act as one of the major drivers of the gene editing market. Gene editing techniques are used for the detection of infectious diseases such as HIV. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Gene therapy treats infectious diseases by blocking the replication of the infectious agent that causes the disease at the extracellular level. Gene editing introduces new genetic material into the cells of living organisms with the intention of treating diseases. Infectious diseases are constantly on the rise. For instance, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), infectious diseases kill more than 17 million people per year. In addition to that, according to the AP-NORC (a research initiative by the Associated Press and the University of Chicago) survey, out of 1,067 adults in the US surveyed, 71% are in favor of gene editing for the treatment of incurable, hereditary diseases such as Huntington’s disease and 67% of Americans support the use of gene editing to prevent diseases such as cancer. Ethical issues in general public with respect to gene editing is one of the major restraining factors for the market. Many researchers and ethicist have argued against gene editing due to different reasons such as off-target effect (edits in the wrong place), mosaicism (when only some of the cells carry the edits) and safety concerns. Some even argued that gene editing will lead to the creation of classes of individuals who will be genetically modified to be able to do things that a normal human being is not supposed to do according to the laws of nature. Due to these reasons, gene editing is still not considered to be safe and effective by many nations and international organizations. For instance, in 2020, as per the article published in TIME, scientists from Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and the USA have proposed a temporary prohibition on research on gene editing on human eggs, embryos, and sperms. Gene editing (also called genome editing) is a group of technologies that allow the researchers to change an organism's DNA by adding, removing or altering genetic material at particular locations in the genome. The emergence of advanced genome editing techniques is one of the major trends in the gene editing market. The new techniques in genome editing are relatively inexpensive and can be used in a variety of application areas such as improving the food supply in agriculture, rectifying specific genetic mutations in the human genome and preventing the spread of diseases. For instance, CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene editing technique and stands for Clustered Regularly Interspace Short Palindromic Repeats. The technique uses a strand of DNA as molecular scissors used to make cuts in DNA at specific points to make space to add new genomes. This technique is faster, cheaper, more accurate and efficient than other existing genome editing methods. Companies investing in CRISPR technology are Crispr therapeutics (CRSP), Intellia Therapeutics (NTLA), and Editas medicine. European regulatory framework divided gene therapy into two categories, germline gene therapy, and somatic gene therapy. In germ line gene therapy, modified genes will be passed on to next generations whereas it’s not the same case with somatic gene therapy. Current regulation by the EU has only allowed somatic gene therapy, therefore, germline gene therapy is banned. The European Medical Association provides guidelines on gene therapy for preparing market authorization application to obtain approval from the authority to carry on research and development activities in gene therapy. For instance, the EU provides guidance note on gene therapy medicinal product which is intended for use in humans, defines scientific principles and provide guidance for development and evaluation of gene therapy products. In December 2020, AnGes MG, Inc., a Japan-based biopharmaceutical company that offers nucleic acid drugs for patients with asthma, allergy, and rheumatism, acquired Emendo Bio, Inc. for $250 million.This acquisition will expand AnGes MG, Inc.'s pipeline and partnerships and introduce gene editing capabilities. Emendo Bio, Inc., a USA-based company that develops next generation gene editing tools for genetic disorders, addresses the current technological gaps for realizing the promise of gene therapy. Major players in the gene editing market are CRISPR, GenScript USA Inc., Horizon Discovery Group PLC., Integrated DNA Technologies, New England Biolabs, OriGene Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Merck KgaA, GenScript Corporation, Editas Medicine, Lonza Group, Sangamo, DNA 2.0, Bio RAD, Allele, Addgene, Sigma-Aldrich Corporation, Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals, Recombinetics, Precision Biosciences, Promega, Juno Therapeutics, Intellia Therapeutics, Qiagen, GE Healthcare Lonza, Cellectis, Dharmacon, AstraZeneca, and Agilent Technologies. North America was the largest region in the gene editing market in 2022. Western Europe was the second largest region in the global gene editing market. The regions covered in the global gene editing market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The gene editing market includes revenue earned by zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and homing endonucleases or meganucleases. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. Only goods and services traded between entities or sold to end consumers are included. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The global gene editing market is segmented - 1) By Technology: CRISPR, TALEN, ZFN 2) By End Users: Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical, Contract Research Organization 3) By Application: Animal Genetic Engineering, Plant Genetic Engineering, Cell Line Engineering

Stem cell/cord blood banking is the process of storing stem cells or blood from the umbilical cord. It is used to treat future injuries. By taking stem cells from the placenta and umbilical cord and preserving them for later use, cord blood banking can possibly save lives. The main cell types of stem cell/cord blood banking are adult stem cells, umbilical cord blood stem cells, and embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells are a rare population of cells found in the body for the majority of postnatal life that give rise to a limited number of mature cell types that form the tissue in which they dwell. The different types of services include collection, processing, analysis, storage and involves various types of banks such as private banks, and public banks. The different applications include leukemia, anemia, thalassemia, autism, cerebral palsy, diabetes, and others. The stem cell/cord blood banking market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides stem cell/cord blood banking market statistics, including stem cell/cord blood banking industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a stem cell/cord blood banking market share, detailed stem cell/cord blood banking market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the stem cell/cord blood banking industry. This stem cell/cord blood banking market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global stem cell/cord blood banking market size will grow from $10.23 billion in 2022 to $11.15 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.0%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The global stem cell/cord blood banking market size is expected to grow to $16.36 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.1%. Increasing number of cancer patients is a major driver for the stem cell /cord blood banking market. Cancer diseases such as leukemia and multiple myeloma can be treated by stem cell transplant. In stem cell transplant, treatment can be either done by autologous transplant in which the stem cells come from the same person who gets the transplant or by allogeneic transplant in which means the stem cells come from a matched related or unrelated donor. By using stem cells in the treatment of cancer, the blood forming stem cells which are damaged during chemotherapy can be restored. According to a report by WebMD,an American publisher of health related news, in 2021, 10 million people died of cancer worldwide. which can be treated by transplanting the stem cells. Lack of awareness especially among pregnant women is a major restraint for the stem cell/cord blood banking market. This is mainly because a majority of pregnant women are unaware of the functioning of the public cord blood banks. Hence, this option is not fully explored despite the advantages of stem cell transplantation in treating cancer. For example, according to the survey by International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology (IJRCOG), only 45% of pregnant women were informed about the uses of umbilical cord blood during pregnancy, just 5% were aware about the cost of the procedure and less than 1% were aware about the availability of cord blood banking. Pairing of cord blood and tissue storage with genetic testing services is an emerging trend in the stem cell/cord blood banking market. Such pairing is possible and efficient because of its complimentary services to the existing clients, thereby helping in expanding their product portfolio. For example, genetic testing company Natera launched the Evercord cord blood and tissue storage service that enables expectant parents to collect, store and potentially retrieve their newborn's cord blood and tissue for therapeutic use in transplantation and regenerative medicine applications. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) outlines guidance related to stem cells/cord blood banking in accordance with section 212 of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (Public Law 104-121). As per this act, stem cells sourced from cord blood for unrelated allogeneic use are regulated by the FDA, and, in order to distribute these products, distributors need to get a license from the FDA. These licenses are provided by the FDA after reviewing the manufacturing and the storage conditions. In this regard, the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) and other regulatory agencies also work with the FDA. Hence, the regulatory scenario related to the stem cells/cord blood banking market is expected to keep a check on companies involved in this market. In December 2021, Cooper Companies, a U.S.-based medical device company, acquired Generate Life Sciences for $1.66 billion. The acquisition would enable Cooper & Co. to better serve their consumers and expand their customer base. Generate Life Sciences is a US-based provider of donor eggs and sperm for fertility treatments, fertility cryopreservation services, and newborn stem cell storage (cord blood and cord tissue) services.  Major players in the stem cell/cord blood banking market are AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Cordlife, Cryo-Cell International, Esperite, Americord Registry LLC., China Cord Blood Corporation, Cordlife Group Limited, CordVida, ESPERITE N.V., and Cryo Stemcell. North America was the largest region in the stem cell/cord blood banking market in 2022. Western Europe was the second largest region in the global stem cell/cord blood banking market. The regions covered in the global stem cell/cord blood banking market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the stem cell/cord blood banking market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The stem cell/cord blood banking global market includes revenues earned by entities by providing services such as cryopreservation and collection services. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. Only goods and services traded between entities or sold to end consumers are included. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The global stem cell/cord blood banking market is segmented - 1) By Cell Type: Adult Stem Cells, Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells, Embryonic Stem Cells 2) By Service: Collection, Processing, Analysis, Storage 3) By Bank Type: Public, Private 4) By Application: Leukemia, Anemia, Thalassemia, Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Diabetes, Other Applications

Induced pluripotent stem cells are the regenerated form of stem cells, which are produced from an existing adult cell, such as from hepatocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and neurons. The main derived cell types of induced pluripotent cells are hepatocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, amniotic cells, and others. Hepatocytes are the liver's primary functional cells, performing a staggering array of metabolic, endocrine, and secretory tasks. The various application includes academic research, drug development, and discovery, toxicity screening, and regenerative medicine and are used in several sectors such as hospitals, and research laboratories. The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market statistics, including induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market share, detailed induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) industry. This induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global induced pluripotent stem cell (ipsc) market size will grow from $2.69 billion in 2022 to $2.97 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.5%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The global induced pluripotent stem cell (ipsc) market size is expected to grow to $4.36 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.1%. An increase in the prevalence of chronic disorders is one of the major factors that is driving the growth of the Induced pluripotent stem cell market. Chronic disorders like heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes can be treated with Induced pluripotent stem cell. Induced Pluripotent stem cells are taken from any tissues from a child or an adult and are genetically modified to behave like embryonic stem cells. According to the report published by Partnership to Fight Chronic Disorder (PFCD), it was found that out of 133 million Americans, 45% of the population had at least one chronic disorder. Moreover, it was estimated that 7 out of 10 deaths in the USA, which is approximately 1.7 million, are due to chronic disorders and these deaths can be controlled by induced pluripotent stem cell treatment. This rise in incidences of chronic diseases is driving the demand for induced pluripotent stem cell treatment. The potential risk of tumour is one of the major restraints on the growth of the Induced pluripotent stem cell market. As per a scientific research, it was found that there might be a chance of getting cancer from the treatment and people are unwilling to take treatment through Induced pluripotent stem cell therapy. According to the report by American Association for cancer research, in most of the cases while doing the experiment it was found that the occurrence of the tumours was prevalent after a short period of time. This risk of developing a tumour due to Induced pluripotent stem cell therapy is limiting the number of patients opting for this treatment, thereby restraining the growth of the market. Companies in the Induced Pluripotent stem cell market are looking for opportunities for strategic partnerships and collaborations that will help these companies to enter into new geographies and to expand product portfolios. For example, in January 2022, Bristol Myers Squibb and Century Therapeutics entered into a strategic collaboration to develop iPSC-derived allogenic cell therapies for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma. Furthermore, in May 2022, Evotec and Sernova announced strategic partnership to develop iPSC-based beta cell replacement therapy for treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. National Institute of Health (NIH), a part of Department of Health and Human Services, regulates the market for Induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in the US. If a company is using, making or planning to acquire iPSCs, they are required to provide some information. For instance, a complete and signed copy of the IPSC checklist must be submitted. Any acquisitions in the IPSC’s must obtain approval from the Institutional review board (IRB), the signed approval documents must be attached to the checklist. If the IPSC lines are purchased from an outside or commercial source these agreement documents must also be attested by the IRB and attached. The IPSC’s must be generated by the Intramural Research Program (IRP) under a signed contract before they can be used for any further experimentation. In August 2021, catalant, a Us-based pharmaceutical company, acquired RheinCell Therapeutics GmbHfor an undisclosed amount. The acquisition will help Catalent to grow in the cell and gene therapy vertical and develop therapies based on induced pluripotent stem cells. RheinCell Therapeutics GmbH is a Germany-based developer of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for next generation cell therapies. Major players in the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market are Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation (Cellular Dynamics), Takara Bio Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., Fate Therapeutics, ViaCyte, StemCells, Japan Tissue Engineering Co. Ltd., Fate Therapeutics and Japan Tissue Engineering Co. North America was the largest region in the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market in 2022. Western Europe was the second largest region in the global induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market. The regions covered in the global induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market consists of sales of induced pluripotent stem cells and related services. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The global induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) market is segmented - 1) By Derived Cell Type: Hepatocytes, Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, Amniotic Cells, Other Derived Cells 2) By Application: Academic Research, Drug Development And Discovery, Toxicity Screening, Regenerative Medicine 3) By End-User: Hospitals, Research Laboratories

Cell based assays are experimental tools that are designed to study reactions taking place inside the cells. These assays are used to study a mechanism or process of cellular function.  The main product and services for cell based assays are consumables, instruments, services, and software. Consumables are products that are used up or depleted during their use. The various instruments used are microplates, microplate readers, high throughput screening systems, and liquid handling systems. Different consumables include reagents and media, cells and cell lines, probes, and labels. The several technology types of cell based assays are automated handling, flow cytometry, label-free detection, high-throughput screening, and others, and they are applied for drug discovery, basic research, ADME studies, predictive toxicology, and other purposes. The different end users include pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic and government research institutes, contract research organizations (CRO) and others. The cell based assays market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides cell based assays market statistics, including cell based assays industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a cell based assays market share, detailed cell based assays market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the cell based assays industry. This cell based assays market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global cell based assays market size will grow from $22.58 billion in 2022 to $24.61 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.0%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The global cell based assays market size is expected to grow to $36.22 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.1%. Research with cell based arrays is increasing with evolution and there is a definite need to move to more predictive cellular models for drug discovery in order to control the last-stage drug failures. The pharmaceutical industries’ need to efficiently commercialize drugs in order to overcome expensive failures in the last stages is a driving force in cell-based assay innovation. Failure of investigational new drug (IND) Phase III clinical trials results in a loss of several hundred million dollars to that company. For instance, according to report by Sigma, the return on investment for pharmaceutical companies could drop to 5% considering the current level of late-stage failures, and is an unacceptable level for most companies. Major improvements to high-content systems and data analysis from the cell based assays enable scientists to extract a more information about the cellular response and help take informed decisions during drug discovery, and further driving the market for cell based arrays. High cost of instruments is the major factor restraining the global cell based assays market. High price of the instrumentation will reduce the return on investments (ROI) owing to low adaptation. For example, Biotek developed HCA (high content analysis) instruments and are expensive and reserved for industrial end-users or core labs which have sufficient capital budgets. This restricts the low budgeted end-users to use cell based assays to its full potential, thereby hampering the growth of the market. Researchers are inclining towards early phase predictive toxicity testing that prevent late-stage drug failures. Predictive cell toxicity assays are being scaled up to increase screening of compounds in the early phases of drug development, reducing the cost of failure. For instance, Creative Bioarray, a biotech company provides a range of in vitro toxicity services to check drug-induced toxicities that save time and cost by reducing the chance of failure in earlier stage. These advances will make clinical testing easy and reduce the cost of operation. In May 2022, Cell Carta, a Canada-based provider of precision medicine laboratory services, acquired next-generation immune-MRM assays from Precision assays for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition will solidify Cell Carta’s position in the proteomics vertical and help it better serve the customers. Precision Assays is a US-based provider of next-generation targeted proteomics testing solutions. Major players in the cell based assays market are Thermo Fisher, Danaher, Becton, Dickinson and Company, GE Healthcare, Merck, Perkinelmer, Promega, Lonza, Charles River Laboratories and Cell Signaling Technology. North America was the largest region in the cell based assays market in 2022. Western Europe was the second largest region in the global cell based assays market. The regions covered in the global cell based assays market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the cell based assays market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The cell based assays market consists of sales of reagents, cell lines, microplates, microplate, assay kits, probes and labels. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The global cell based assays market is segmented - 1) By Product & Service: Consumables, Instruments, Services, Software  2) By Application: Drug Discovery, Basic Research, Adme Studies, Predictive Toxicology, Other Applications 3) By End User: Pharmaceutical And Biotechnology Companies, Academic And Government Research Institutes, Contract Research Organizations (CRO), Other End Users 4) By Technology: Automated Handling, Flow Cytometry, Label-Free Detection, High-Throughput Screening, Other Technologies 5) By Consumables: Reagents And Media, Cells And Cell Lines, Probes And Labels 6) By Instruments: Microplates, Microplate Readers, High Throughput Screening, Liquid Handling Systems

Stem cells are autologous or allogenic cells that can differentiate into various types of cells in vivo and in vitro.They aid in medical treatment of injuries and organ damage. The main product types of stem cell are adult stem cell, human embryonic stem cell, induced pluripotent stem cell and others. Adult stem cells are a rare population of cells found in the body for the majority of postnatal life that give rise to a limited number of mature cell types that form the tissue in which they dwell. The different sources include autologous, allogeneic and are used in various applications such as regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and development. The stem cell market market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides stem cell market market statistics, including stem cell market industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a stem cell market market share, detailed stem cell market market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the stem cell market industry. This stem cell market market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry. The global stem cell market grew from $12.72 billion in 2022 to $13.97 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.8%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The stem cell market is expected to grow from $20.67 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.3%. There is an increase in the prevalence of Chronic diseases worldwide which drives the Stem cell market. Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy, but some therapies derived from umbilical cord blood are also in use. Currently, widely used stem cell treatment is the transplantation of blood stem cells to treat diseases and conditions of the blood and immune system, or to restore the blood system after treatments for specific cancers. According to WHO, in 2020, prevalence of chronic disease increased to 57%. As the prevalence of chronic disease increases, people opting for the stem cell-based treatment will rise, thus driving the market going forward. Currently, approximately 26,000 patients are treated with blood stem cells in Europe each year. The low acceptance rate for stem cell therapy treatments is restraining the growth of the stem cell market. The acceptance rate is particularly low in the Embryonic stem cell therapeutics. Most of these stem cell therapies are yet to be proven in clinical trials and are highly experimental. Due to the nature of these unproven treatments, patients are reluctant to take up these therapies as they present serious health, personal and financial issues. For example, if a person undergoes an unproven or experimental treatment it might make that person ineligible for future clinical trials or treatment options. For instance, in USA, an unproven stem cell offering three elderly women were blinded after getting stem cells derived from fat tissue, at a clinic in Florida These factors are limiting the number of people opting for stem cell therapies, thus restraining the growth of the market. Companies in the stem cell therapeutics market are focusing on development of new technologies such as the Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSC) to boost the efficiency of stem cell therapies. IPSC are obtained from blood or skin cells that are reprogrammed to an embryonic-like pluripotent state by incorporating genes that are essential for maintaining key properties and growth of an unlimited source of any kind of human cell required for stem cell therapeutic purposes. These IPSC's are not derived from human embryos, which removes the bioethical issues, thus allowing scientists to obtain federal funding and support easily. A Japanese company, Oksara opened a medicine center that produced cells derived from iPS Cells. Similarly, Takar Bio company launched human iPSC derived Beta Cells i.e., Cellartis for disease modeling and drug discovery. The Food and Drug Administration's Centre for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) is the regulator in the US, for human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/P) intended for implantation, transplantation, infusion or transfer into a human recipient, including hematopoietic stem cells. There are certain protocols that the FDA has established, for example, the current good tissue practice, donor screening and donor testing requirements which are in place to prevent the transmission of any communicable diseases. The stem cells come from different sources (bone marrow, umbilical cord blood or peripheral blood) and have different applications. Licenses are required to distribute and market these products. In August 2021, Catalent, a US-based provider of advanced delivery technologies, development, and manufacturing solutions for pharmaceuticals, biologics, and cell and gene treatments acquired RheinCell Therapeutics GmbH for an undisclosed amount. With this acquisition Catalent aims to deploy RheinCell's expertise and deep knowledge in iPSC cell lines that will boost Catalent’s cell therapy portfolio, allowing them to offer iPSC banks to their customers as a premium source for their therapeutic development pathway. RheinCell Therapeutics GmbH is a Germany based company that specializes in the GMP-compliant generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). Major players in the stem cell market are Anterogen Co., Ltd., Mesoblast Ltd., Osiris TherapeuticsInc., AlloSource, Cellular Engineering Technologies, BIOTIMEInc., Astellas Pharma USInc., Vericel, RTI SurgicalInc. and Takara Bio Company. North America was the largest region in the stem cell market in 2022. Western Europe was the second largest region in the global stem cell market. The regions covered in the global stem cell market market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the stem cell market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The stem cell market consists of sales of organoids & 3D Cell Culture, mesenchymal Stem Cells, neural stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and cancer stem cells. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The global stem cell market is segmented - 1) By Source: Autologous, Allogeneic 2) By Product Type: Adult Stem Cell, Human Embryonic Stem Cell, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell, Other Products 3) By Application: Regenerative Medicine, Drug Discovery And Development