DTP Vaccines Global Market Report 2023 – By Product Type (DTaP, TD, Tdap), By Disease (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus), By End User (Hospitals, Clinics, Vaccination Centers) – Market Size, Trends, And Global Forecast 2023-2032

Immuno-oncology drugs refer to a therapy or cancer treatment that employs drugs to either boost or suppress the immune system in order to aid the body's defenses against cancer, infection, and other disorders. It makes use of chemicals produced by the body or in a lab to strengthen the immune system and assist the body in locating and eliminating cancer cells. The main types of immuno-oncology drugs market are monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune system modulators, cancer vaccines, and others. Monoclonal antibodies are created by cloning a single white blood cell. Every subsequent antibody generated in this manner may be traced back to a single parent cell. The different therapeutic applications include melanoma, lung cancer, blood cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and others and involve various sectors such as hospitals, clinics, ambulatory surgical centers, and cancer research institutes. The global immuno-oncology drugs market is segmented - 1) By Type: Monoclonal Antibodies, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, Immune System Modulators, Cancer Vaccines, Other Types 2) By Therapeutic Application: Melanoma, Lung Cancer, Blood Cancer, Renal Cell Carcinoma, Prostate Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Other Therapeutic Applications 3) By End-User: Hospitals, Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Cancer Research Institutes The global immuno-oncology drugs market size grew from $70.59 billion in 2022 to $81.46 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.4%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The market size of global immuno-oncology drugs is expected to grow from $136.15 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 13.7%. The rise in the number of cancer cases across the globe is likely to contribute to the growth of the immuno-oncology drugs market. For instance, in January 2022, according to the American Cancer Society, there will likely be 1.9 million new cancer diagnoses and 609,360 cancer-related deaths in the US, or roughly 1,670 fatalities every day. The four most common types of cancer worldwide are lung, prostate, bowel, and female breast cancer, accounting for 43 percent of all new cancer cases. The four most common types of cancer worldwide are lung, prostate, bowel, and female breast cancer, accounting for 43% of new cancer cases. Therefore, the rise in cancer incidence rates globally is anticipated to boost demand for the immune-oncology drugs market over the coming years. Major players in the immuno-oncology drugs market are Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca PLC., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene Corporation, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis International AG, and AbbVie Inc. The high cost of immuno-oncology drugs market is a key factor hampering the growth of the market. The immunotherapy drugs cost more than other cancer drugs, and people who need immunotherapy for cancer, are often not able to afford it. High costs associated with drugs are a major issue faced by patients across the globe. The pressure to contain costs and demonstrate value is widespread. In less wealthy countries, the lack of cost-effective drugs has influenced the health conditions of the population and led to a low average life expectancy. Immunotherapy often costs an average annual price of more than $100,000 per patient, and if the value of medical assistance is included, the price would reach $850,000 per patient. Therefore, the high cost of immuno-oncology drugs market is expected to hinder the growth of the immuno-oncology drugs market. Companies in the immuno-oncology drugs market are increasing their product innovation through strategic collaborations. To sustain themselves in the increasingly competitive immuno-oncology drugs market, companies are developing innovative products as well as sharing skills and expertise with other companies. While companies have long collaborated with academic and research institutions in this market by way of partnerships and in- or out-licensing deals, this trend has been increasing over the past few years. For instance, in September 2020, AbbVie, Inc., a US based biopharmaceutical company specialising in drug discovery, research, and development, announced its research collaboration with I-Mab Biopharma Co. Ltd., a China based biopharmaceutical company pioneering in the discovery, development, and commercialization of biological drugs for immunology. Through this collaboration, both companies focus on the development of Lemzoparlimab (also known as TJC4), a cutting-edge anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody that I-Mab internally discovered and developed for the treatment of various cancers. The agreement covers its development and commercialization. The two partners may also decide to collaborate on further breakthrough cures in the future. In December 2021, Sanofi S.A., a France-based biopharmaceutical and healthcare company, acquired Amunix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., for an amount of $1 billion. Through this acquisition, Sanofi increases its capabilities in the development of innovative medicines for cancer patients, in research and drug discovery of immune-oncology therapeutic candidates, brings these potentially superior and safer treatment candidates to patients by utilizing its expertise and working as a center of excellence together, and increases its oncology pipeline. Amunix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is a US-based biopharmaceutical company specializing in the discovery and development of novel immuno-oncology drugs. North America was the largest region in the immuno-oncology drugs market in 2022. The regions covered in the immuno-oncology drugs market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the immuno-oncology drugs market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The immuno-oncology drugs market consists of sales of bevacizumab, alectinib, ibrutinib, imatinib, and palbociclib. Values in this market are "factory gate values," that is, the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the chain or as part of other products. The immuno-oncology drugs market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides immuno-oncology drugs market statistics, including industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with an immuno-oncology drugs market share, detailed immuno-oncology drugs market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the immuno-oncology drugs industry. This immuno-oncology drugs market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

Companion animal vaccines are substances that are used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide immunity against one or several diseases in pets such as dogs, birds, and cats. They are also used to improve food digestion, enhance immunity, enable animals to gain fat and weight, and generate good quality meat that is harvested for commercial purposes. The main products of companion animal veterinary vaccines are inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant, and other products. A recombinant vaccine is one that was created using recombinant DNA technology. This entails inserting DNA encoding an antigen (such as a bacterial surface protein) that triggers an immunological response into bacterial or mammalian cells, expressing the antigen in these cells, and then purifying it from them. The products are administered through oral, parenteral, and other routes of administration and are distributed through veterinary hospitals, veterinary clinics, pharmacies, drug stores, and other distribution channels. The global companion animal veterinary vaccines market is segmented - 1) By Product: Inactivated, Live Attenuated, Recombinant, Other Products 2) By Route Of Administration: Oral, Parenteral, Other Routes Of Administration 3) By Distribution Channel: Veterinary Hospitals, Veterinary Clinics, Pharmacies And Drug Stores, Other Distribution Channels The global companion animal veterinary vaccines market size will grow from $3.25 billion in 2022 to $3.47 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The global companion animal veterinary vaccines market size is expected to grow to $4.48 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 6.6%. Increased pet ownership by Gen X and Gen Y adults contributed to the growth of the companion animal veterinary vaccine market during the historic period. According to the APPA, millennials, or Gen Y, represent the largest segment of pet owners for all types of pets. More than 80% of Gen Y and Gen Z own a dog, and 50% or less own a cat as a pet. Multiple pet ownership is also on the rise in some parts of the world. According to the 2019-2020 APPA National Pet Owners Survey, 67% of US households own pets, which is equal to 84.9 million homes. Pet owners are well aware of advanced facilities and are willing to spend a large amount of money on the health of their pets. Therefore, the rise in pet ownership aids in the growth of the companion animal veterinary vaccine market. Major players in the companion animal veterinary vaccines market are Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company (Elcano), Heska Co., Merck Animal Health, Virbac, Zoetis, ElancoCevaSante Animal S.A., Bayer Healthcare, NEOGEN CORPORATION, and ImmuCell Corporation. The high cost of veterinary vaccines is expected to restrain the growth of the market. According to data from Harris Interactive, in the USA, households with pets spend about $1,000 on pet care. There are around 70% of households in the USA who own a pet and only 39% have enough in their savings to cover high spending related to pet care. According to a report by PET IQ, in the USA, nearly 28% of households experienced barriers to veterinary care in the past two years. 80% of pet owners are unable to obtain preventative care due to financial constraints. There are several instances when it happens that the pet owners cannot afford expensive animal treatment and this factor restrained the growth of the companion animal veterinary vaccines market. Usually, the average cost of the rabies vaccine varies, typically from about $1,200 to $6,500. Thus, the high cost of companion animal veterinary vaccines will restrain the growth of the market over the forecast period. Companies in the companion animal veterinary vaccine industry are increasingly collaborating and partnering with other players to drive product innovations. To succeed in the increasingly competitive veterinary market, companion animal veterinary vaccine companies are entering into new geographies and developing innovative products through sharing skills and expertise with other players. For instance, Merck & Co.’s subsidiary MSD Animal Health announced a strategic partnership with Vinovo B.V., a division of Viscon Hatchery Automation, the leading hatchery automation company, to provide a new standard in safe and effective Vinovo vaccination to improve bird welfare and reduce vaccine reactions. In February 2020, Zoetis, Inc., a US-based animal health company specializing in the discovery, development, production, and marketing of animal health drugs, acquired Ethos Diagnostic Science for an undisclosed amount. Through this acquisition, Zoetis continues to expand its diagnostics presence in order to provide American veterinarians with comprehensive services at an improved value. Ethos Diagnostic Science is a US-based veterinary diagnostic company pioneering in various types of diagnostic testing and clinical chemistry. North America was the largest region in the companion animal veterinary vaccines market share in 2022. Asia-Pacific was the second-largest region in the global companion animal veterinary vaccines market. The regions covered in the global companion animal veterinary vaccines market analysis report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the companion animal veterinary vaccines market are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The companion animal veterinary vaccine market consists of sales of toxoid vaccines, viral vector vaccines, messenger RNA vaccines, and conjugated vaccines. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The companion animal veterinary vaccines research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides companion animal veterinary vaccines statistics, including companion animal veterinary vaccines industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with companion animal veterinary vaccines share, detailed companion animal veterinary vaccines segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the companion animal veterinary vaccines industry. This companion animal veterinary vaccines research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

Cancer biologics refer to a substance used in the prevention, detection, or treatment of cancer and other disorders that is created from a living creature or its byproducts. Immunoglobulins, interleukins, and vaccinations are examples of biologic agents. A form of cancer treatment known as "biological therapy" employs the body's immune system to eradicate cancer cells. The main types of cancer biologics are monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, cell and gene therapy, and others. Monoclonal antibodies are created by cloning a single white blood cell. Every subsequent antibody generated in this manner may be traced back to a single parent cell. It is used in non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, and others, and is distributed through various channels such as hospitals, clinics, and others. The global cancer biologics market is segmented - 1) By Type: Monoclonal Antibodies, Vaccines, Cell and Gene Therapy, Other Types 2) By Application: Non-small Cell Lung Cancer, Prostate Cancer, Breast Cancer, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma, Ovarian Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Gastric Cancers, Other Applications 3) By Distribution Channel: Hospitals, Clinics, Other Distribution Channels The global cancer biologics market size grew from $86.64 billion in 2022 to $96.33 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.2%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The market size of cancer biologics is expected to grow from $140.88 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.0%. The rising prevalence of chronic diseases is one of the major factors driving the cancer biologics market's growth. Chronic disorders are diseases that persist over a long period and hinder the health of people with disabilities, and cancer is one of the most common chronic diseases. The most common cancers are breast cancer, lung and bronchus cancer, prostate cancer, colon and rectum cancer, melanoma of the skin, bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, kidney and renal pelvis cancer, endometrial cancer, leukemia, pancreatic cancer, thyroid cancer, and liver cancer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2020, chronic diseases accounted for 75% of deaths globally. Therefore, the rising prevalence of chronic diseases is expected to drive the cancer biologics market growth over the coming years. Major players in the cancer biologics market are AbbVie Inc., Hoffman-La Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly and Company, Amgen Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis, and Pfizer. The cancer biologics market is being restrained by the adverse effects associated with the use of cancer biologics. Biologic drugs are administered by injection or infusion, as they are proteins that are quickly digested and inactivated if given by mouth, so they can cause injection site reactions or infusion reactions. Moreover, the adverse effects of the biologics vary from common side effects such as allergic reactions and diarrhoea to serious adverse effects such as low blood pressure, hepatitis, and hypothyroidism. For instance, according to a study conducted by NCBI, biological agents are essential additions to chemotherapy for GI malignancies that leads to enhanced survival response rates, but these additions also bring some unique adverse reactions to the patients. Companies in the cancer biologics market are developing predictive biomarkers that help physicians decide the treatments for their patients by utilising physiological biomarkers for predicting performance. Predictive biomarkers study tumour growth in patients by analysing the major etiological factors, as the cancer etiology differs from patient to patient. Moreover, these biomarkers not only aid in the early detection of cancer but also help in deciding the most cost-effective treatment regimens, especially for the biologics based on gene therapy. According to the FDA approval process for new cancer treatments and biological products, the application for approval should include all relevant data available from clinical studies, including negative results as well as positive findings. Data can come from pharmaceutical company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and effectiveness of a new use of a product, or from several alternative sources. In May 2020, Boehringer Ingelheim, a Germany-based, research-driven pharmaceutical company, acquired Northern Biologics for an undisclosed amount. This acquisition would provide Boehringer Ingelheim with two additional assets to add to its existing cancer immunology portfolio that complement Northern Biologics' current offerings, supporting the company's goal to target "cold" tumours with synergistic combination methods. The acquisition includes Northern Biologics’ preclinical cancer antibody pipeline, which is expanding its immuno-oncology portfolio. Northern Biologics is a Canada-based clinical-stage biotechnology company. North America was the largest region in the cancer biologics market in 2022. The Middle East is expected to be the fastest growing region in the global cancer biologics market share during the forecast period. The regions covered in the global cancer biologics market analysis report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the cancer biologics market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The cancer biologics market consists of sales of cancer vaccines, cytokine therapy, and angiogenesis inhibitors. Values in this market are factory gate values which are the values of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organisations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the chain or as part of other products. The cancer biologics market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides cancer biologics market statistics, including cancer biologics industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a cancer biologics market share, detailed cancer biologics market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the cancer biologics industry. This cancer biologics market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

Drugs for immunotherapy refer to a kind of medication that offers treatment to either stimulate or suppress the immune system in order to aid the body's protection against cancer, infection, and other disorders. Your immune system is assisted in fighting cancer via immunotherapy, a sort of cancer treatment. The body's immune system aids in the fight against infections and other disorders. The main types of drugs for immunotherapy are monoclonal antibodies, interferons, interleukins, vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and others. Monoclonal antibodies are created by cloning a single white blood cell. Every subsequent antibody generated in this manner may be traced back to a single parent cell. The different areas of therapy include cancer, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, and others, and they are used by various sectors such as hospitals and clinics, ambulatory surgical centers, and others. The global drugs for immunotherapy market is segmented - 1) By Type: Monoclonal Antibodies, Interferons, Interleukins, Vaccines, Checkpoint Inhibitors, Other Types 2) By Therapy Area: Cancer, Autoimmune & Inflammatory Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Other Therapy Areas 3) By End User: Hospitals & Clinics, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Other End Users The global drugs for immunotherapy market size grew from $208.56 billion in 2022 to $231.12 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.8%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The market size of global drugs for immunotherapy is expected to grow from $349.53 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.9%. The drugs for immunotherapy market is being driven by rising incidences of cancer globally. The major causes of most cancers include obesity, smoking, alcohol, and improper eating habits. For instance, in February 2022, according to a report shared by the WHO, a Switzerland-based specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health, roughly 10 million deaths, or nearly one in six deaths, will be caused by cancer in 2020, making it the top cause of death globally. Breast, lung, colon, rectum, and prostate cancers are the most prevalent types of cancer. The use of tobacco, having a high body mass index, drinking alcohol, eating few fruits and vegetables, and not exercising account for about one-third of cancer-related fatalities. The rising incidences of cancer are expected to increase the demand for immunotherapy drugs driving the drugs for immunotherapy market growth. Major players in the drugs for immunotherapy market are F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Novartis AG, Amgen, Inc., AbbVie, Inc., and Merck & Co. Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Eli Lilly and Company, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca PLC., Johnson & Johnson, and UbiVac. The high cost of drugs for the immunotherapy market is acting as a restraint on the drugs for the immunotherapy market as a smaller number of patients can afford the treatment. Immunotherapy drugs are expensive as they are made specifically for each patient, and investment costs in research and development are high. For instance, Novartis’ Kymriah and Gilead Sciences’ Yescarta are two immunotherapy treatments that cost between $373,000 and $475,000 per patient, depending on the type of cancer. The Yervoy (ipilimumab) drug from Bristol-Myers Squibb, for the treatment of melanoma, a type of skin cancer, costs $120,000 per course of treatment. The high cost of immunotherapy drugs makes them unaffordable, thereby affecting the drugs for immunotherapy market growth. Manufacturers of drugs for immunotherapy market are increasingly collaborating or partnering with other companies to share technology, resources, and product knowledge and expand the business. For example, Illumina Inc. and Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) collaborated to utilise Illumina’s next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology to develop and commercialize in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays in support of Bristol-Myers Squibb's oncology portfolio. Allogene Therapeutics Inc. and Pfizer Inc. entered into an asset contribution agreement to use Pfizer’s portfolio of assets related to allogeneic CAR-T therapy. Manufacturers of drugs for immunotherapy market are governed by various regulatory bodies, such as the Food and Drug Administration in the USA. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates drugs and biologics under the authority granted to it by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) and its amendments. Under this authority, FDA regulates the pre-market testing and marketing approval for all immunotherapeutic agents, either as drugs or biologics, depending on the source and function of the investigational agent. Immunotherapeutic products that are regulated as biologics include antibodies and proteins, and some nucleic acids. In August 2020, Bristol Myers Squibb, a US-based pharmaceutical company that manufactures prescription pharmaceuticals and biologics in several therapeutic areas, including cancer, HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psychiatric disorders, acquired Dragonfly Therapeutics’ investigational immunotherapy program for $475 million. Through this acquisition, Bristol Myers Squibb will be granted Dragonfly’s extended half-life cytokine DF6002, a monovalent IL-12 immunoglobulin Fc. Dragonfly Therapeutics, Inc. is a US-based discovery-stage company developing drugs to stimulate immune responses against cancer. North America was the largest region in the immunotherapy market in 2022. Middle East is expected to be the fastest growing region in the drug for immunotherapy market report during the forecast period. The regions covered in the drugs for immunotherapy industry report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the drugs for immunotherapy market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, USA. The drugs for immunotherapy market consist of sales of cytokines, CAR T-cell therapy, and cancer treatment vaccines. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the chain or as part of other products. The drugs for immunotherapy market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides drugs for immunotherapy market statistics, including drugs for immunotherapy industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with drugs for immunotherapy market share, detailed drugs for immunotherapy market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the drugs for immunotherapy industry. This drug for immunotherapy market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

Therapeutic proteins refer to pharmaceuticals that are genetically modified versions of human proteins that are found naturally. These powerful, quick-acting medications were developed in a lab for pharmaceutical usage. Therapeutic proteins have altered how diseases are treated since they are very effective in vivo. The main types of products in therapeutic proteins market are insulin, fusion proteins, erythropoietin, interferon, human growth hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreatic cells that serves as the individual's primary anabolic hormone. It affects fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism by boosting glucose uptake from the blood into the fat, liver, and skeletal muscle cells. The different functions include enzymatic and regulatory activity, special targeting activity, vaccines, and protein diagnostics and are used in various applications such as metabolic disorders, immunologic disorders, haematological disorders, cancer, hormonal disorders, genetic disorders, and others. The global therapeutic proteins market is segmented - 1) By Product Type: Insulin, Fusion Protein, Erythropoietin, Interferon, Human Growth Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone 2) By Application: Metabolic Disorders, Immunologic Disorders, Hematological Disorders, Cancer, Hormonal Disorders, Genetic Disorders, Other Applications 3) By Function: Enzymatic and Regulatory Activity, Special Targeting Activity, Vaccines, Protein Diagnostics The global therapeutic proteins market size grew from $112.17 billion in 2022 to $125.74 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.1%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The market size of global therapeutic proteins is expected to grow from $200.43 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 12.4%. The therapeutic proteins market is being driven by technological advancements in protein-based drug development. Therapeutic proteins cannot be synthesised chemically, they need to be produced by genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology in living cells or organisms. Protein-engineering platform technologies such as glycoengineering, pegylation, Fc-fusion, albumin fusion, and albumin drug conjugation help to increase the production yield, product purity, circulating half-life, targeting, and functionality of therapeutic proteins drugs. Belimumab, ipilimumab, taliglucerase alfa, albiglutide, and recombinant human coagulation factor IX are some therapeutic proteins drugs developed using protein engineering technologies and approved by the FDA in the past five years. Major players in the therapeutic proteins market are Abbott Laboratories, Amgen Inc., Baxter International Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pfizer Inc., Johnson & Johnson, and Merck & Co. Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S, and Sanofi. Increasing the number of biosimilar drugs on the global market will slow the growth of the therapeutic proteins market. The patent expiration of therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies allows biosimilars to enter the market.For instance, in October 2022, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a US-based generics and specialty pharmaceutical company, launched ALYMSYS® (bevacizumab-maly) in the United States. These cost-effective treatments, similar to the original biologics, decline the revenue and sales of therapeutic proteins market. Monoclonal antibody drug approvals are increasing in the protein therapeutic segment. Chronic diseases such as cancer and immunological disorders are well treated with monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are a dominant and well-established product class in the protein therapeutic segment, with more safety and immunogenicity than antibodies. By overcoming the problems associated with previous antibody drugs, cell-based expression systems, such as the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mammalian cell expression system, have increased the productivity of monoclonal antibodies.In the last five years, the FDA has approved 213 drugs, among which 44 are monoclonal antibodies. For instance, twelve monoclonal antibodies were approved by FDA for the treatment of cancer and immunological disorders. In the United States, therapeutic proteins drug manufacturers file a biologics application (BLA) with the FDA for product approval. The drug that is approved through BLA must be proven to be safe, pure, and potent.FDA consolidated review of most therapeutic proteins in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). In European Union, biologics are regulated by Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) for marketing authorization. Eli Lilly and Company, a US-based pharmaceutical company, paid $1 billion for Protomer Technologies Inc. in July 2021.Lilly is delighted to add protomer’s breakthrough technology to its diabetes pipeline through this acquisition, since the company’s glucose-sensing insulin program, which is based on its proprietary molecular engineering of protein sensors (MEPS) platform, is exhibiting great potential. Protomer Technologies Inc. is a US-based company that specialises in next-generation protein therapies that can detect molecular activators in the body and are currently being developed. North America was the largest region in the therapeutic proteins market in 2022. The regions covered in the global therapeutic proteins market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, the Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the therapeutic proteins market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The therapeutic proteins market consists of sales of antibody-based drugs, FC fusion proteins, and anticoagulants. Values in this market are "factory gate values," that is, the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors, and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organisations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the chain or as part of other products. The therapeutic proteins market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides therapeutic proteins market statistics, including industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a therapeutic proteins market share, detailed therapeutic proteins market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the therapeutic proteins industry. The therapeutic proteins market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenarios of the industry.

Veterinary vaccine refers to a biological preparation that stimulates the immune response of an animal against disease in order to reduce animal suffering and the transmission of microorganisms in the animal population and enhance the immunity power of animals by improving animal health, which also prevents the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. The various types of veterinary vaccines are live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines, recombinant vaccines, and other vaccine types. Inactivated vaccines differ from live but attenuated vaccines as they are made up of dead, or inactivated, viruses and bacteria. The disease types are anaplasmosis, canine parvovirus, foot and mouth disease, Newcastle disease, distemper disease, influenza, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, and the application areas include livestock vaccines, and companion animal vaccines. The global veterinary vaccines market is segmented - 1) By Application: Livestock Vaccines, Companion Animal Vaccines 2) By Vaccine Type: Live Attenuated Vaccines, Inactivated Vaccines, Toxoid Vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, Other Vaccine Types 3) By Disease Type: Anaplasmosis, Canine Parvovirus, Foot And Mouth Disease, Newcastle Disease, Distemper Disease, Influenza, Porcine Reproductive And Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) The global veterinary vaccines market size will grow from $10.89 billion in 2022 to $11.57 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The market size of the global veterinary vaccines is expected to grow to $14.2 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 5.3%. The increase in the number of animals suffering from a range of diseases is increasing the demand for vaccines to prevent and treat such diseases, thus driving the veterinary vaccines market According to the estimates from a report by the Animal and Plant Health Agency, a total of 3289 new TB herd incidents were detected in England Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease that usually affects animals such as cattle, but it can affect all mammals, causing a general state of illness, coughing and eventually leading to death. However, the disease can be treated with specific antibiotics that kill the TB bacteria. This rising prevalence of diseases in animals is expected to drive the veterinary vaccines market during the forecast period. Major players in the veterinary vaccines market are Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Merck Animal Health, Zoetis Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Bayer AG (Bayer Animal Health), CevaSantéAnimale, Virbac, Biovac, Zoetis Animal Healthcare, and Hester Biosciences Ltd. High storage costs are acting as a major restraint on the growth of the veterinary vaccine market. Improper storage conditions and delays in shipping can cause vaccines to lose their desired immune properties. For example, during transportation, vaccines can undergo biodegradation, if they are not transported within the required temperature limits. Thus, special care is required for the transportation of the vaccines to maintain their efficiency, which increases the storage and transportation costs for the vaccines. According to a report published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), approximately 35% of vaccines lost their potency during the shipment, as they were stored at abnormal temperatures. Thus, high storage costs for vaccines are expected to result in additional costs for manufacturing companies and limit the growth of the veterinary vaccines market. Companies in the veterinary vaccines market are increasingly looking for strategic partnerships and collaborations to enter into new geographies and to share research and development projects. For example, in 2020, the Pirbright Institute, a UK-based animal disease research institute, partnered with ECO Animal Health, a UK-based pharmaceutical company, and the Vaccine Group (TVG) to develop porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccines. The vaccine group is a biotechnology company that develops animal vaccines and is based in Plymouth, UK. Similarly, MSD Animal Health, a division of Merck & Co with headquarters in the US, made a strategic partnership with Vinovo. This partnership will help MSD Animal Health to combine its unique broad vaccine product line and Vinovo’s vaccine delivery system to the vaccination process, thus improving bird welfare, and reducing vaccine reactions. Also, Wageningen bio veterinary research made a strategic alliance with Ceva with headquarters in Switzerland, to improve their Research on the global threat of emerging and reemerging diseases for animals. The veterinary vaccines market is regulated by authorities such as the European Medical Agency and the US Center for Veterinary Biologics. For instance, veterinary vaccine companies in Europe are required to adhere to European technical requirements mentioned in Annex 1, Title II, of Directive 2001/82/EC, as amended by Directive 2009/9/EC, and the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). According to these regulations, veterinary vaccines are required to undergo safety tests before getting approval, where vaccines are classified into activated vaccines and inactivated vaccines. For inactivated vaccines, each batch of vaccines should have a dose that is double the standard dose. In inactivated vaccines, each batch of vaccines should be ten times the standard dose for the active vaccines. Activated vaccines are usually tested by in vitro titration, while serological tests are commonly used for inactivated vaccines. North America was the largest region in the veterinary vaccines market in 2022. Asia-Pacific was the second-largest region in the global veterinary vaccines market analysis. The regions covered in the global veterinary vaccines report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the veterinary vaccines market are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the USA. The veterinary vaccines market consists of sales of messenger RNA vaccine, viral vector vaccine, and subunit vaccine. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The veterinary vaccines research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides veterinary vaccines statistics, including veterinary vaccines industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with veterinary vaccines share, detailed veterinary vaccines segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the veterinary vaccines industry. The veterinary vaccines research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

Liposomal drug delivery devices are microscopic colloidal spheres that are used to deliver drug molecules to the site of action. The main types of liposomal drug delivery devices are liposomal doxorubicin, liposomal paclitaxel, liposomal amphotericin B, and others. Liposomal doxorubicin is a kind of chemotherapy drug known as anthracycline wrapped up in a liposome. It slows or stops the increase of cancer cells by blocking an enzyme called topoisomerase. The applications included are fungal diseases, cancer therapy, pain management, viral vaccines, and photodynamic therapy that are used in hospitals, diagnostic centers, ambulatory surgery centers/clinics, and others. The global liposomal drug delivery devices market is segmented - 1) By Type: Liposomal Doxorubicin, Liposomal Paclitaxel, Liposomal Amphotericin B, Other Types 2) By Application: Fungal Diseases, Cancer Therapy, Pain Management, Viral Vaccines, Photodynamic Therapy 3) By End User: Hospitals, Diagnostic Centers, Ambulatory Surgery Centers/Clinics, Other End Users The global liposomal drug delivery devices market grew from $4.1 billion in 2022 to $4.5 billion in 2023 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.7%. The Russia-Ukraine war disrupted the chances of global economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, at least in the short term. The war between these two countries has led to economic sanctions on multiple countries, a surge in commodity prices, and supply chain disruptions, causing inflation across goods and services and affecting many markets across the globe. The market size of the liposomal drug delivery devices is expected to grow from $6.72 billion in 2027 at a CAGR of 10.6%. The rise in the number of cancer cases across the globe is likely to contribute to the growth of the liposomal drug delivery devices market during the forecast period. Liposomal drug delivery systems are used as targeted therapy for cancer treatment in radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection. According to the American Cancer Society, there were 1.9million new cases and 0.6 million cancer deaths in 2021 in the USA. The four most common types of cancer worldwide are lung, prostate, bowel, and female breast cancer, accounting for 43% of all the new cancer cases. Therefore, the rise in cancer incidence rate globally is anticipated to boost the demand for the liposomal drug delivery devices market over the forthcoming years. Major players in the liposomal drug delivery devices market are Fudan-Zhangjiang, Pacira, Johnson and Johnson, Gilead Sciences, Novartis, Luye Pharma, CSPC, Ipsen (Onivyde), Teva Pharmaceutical, and Sigma-Tau Group. The high cost of liposomal drug delivery devices is expected to limit the growth of the liposomal drug delivery devices market during the forecast period. The high cost of devices makes liposomal treatment more expensive and unaffordable for patients, thereby hindering the growth of the market. For instance, according to the Journal of Biotechnology & Biomaterials, lipid/liposomal drug delivery systems are expensive to produce attributing to their high production cost. The high cost of products results from the high cost associated with the raw materials used in lipid excipients and the requirement of expensive equipment to increase manufacturing. Furthermore, according to the ScienceDirect Journal, liposomal drug delivery is the most expensive treatment for topical disorders such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and skin cancer. Several big companies are undertaking various strategic initiatives such as collaborations and new product development, which is likely to become a major trend in the liposomal drug delivery devices market. Various companies are coming together to develop liposomal drug delivery systems to expand their product portfolio and operations worldwide. For instance, in 2021, MindMed is an Israeli creative drug development company, announced the execution of a Memorandum of Understanding regarding the introduction of an exclusive collaborative development program to optimize the supply of particular psychedelic drug candidates, leveraging Nextage's proprietary Brain Targeting Liposome System (BTLS) supply technology, for which it has a license. In March 2020, FUJIFILM Corporation announced its decision to offer contract services of process development and manufacturing of liposome formulations to its partners seeking drug delivery formulations that are designed to deliver the therapeutic to the affected sites. In July 2020, Croda International, PLC., a UK-based specialty chemicals company, acquired Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc. for $260 million. The acquisition is expected to expand life sciences products, cGMP production capabilities, and pharmaceutical services for biotechnology, life science, and expand customers for Croda International. Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. is a USA-based company that specializes in lipid-based drug delivery technology for next-generation pharmaceuticals. North America was the largest region in the liposomal drug delivery devices market in 2022. Asia-Pacific was the second-largest region in the global liposomal drug delivery devices market share. The regions covered in the global liposomal drug delivery devices market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the liposomal drug delivery devices market are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, and USA. The liposomal drug delivery devices market consists of sales of instruments such as liposomal doxorubicin, liposomal paclitaxel, liposomal amphotericin B, and others. Values in this market are factory gate values, that is the value of goods sold by the manufacturers or creators of the goods, whether to other entities (including downstream manufacturers, wholesalers, distributors and retailers) or directly to end customers. The value of goods in this market includes related services sold by the creators of the goods. The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified). The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products. The liposomal drug delivery devices market research report is one of a series of new reports from The Business Research Company that provides liposomal drug delivery devices market statistics, including liposomal drug delivery devices industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a liposomal drug delivery devices market share, detailed liposomal drug delivery devices market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the liposomal drug delivery devices industry. This liposomal drug delivery devices market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.

The vaccines market consists of sales of vaccines and related services. This industry includes establishments that produce anti-infective vaccines, autoimmunity vaccines and vaccines for cancer and other diseases. Vaccines create antibody-antigen reaction that helps in attaining resistance to the disease causing organism. Vaccines include recombinant vaccines, conjugate vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, toxoid vaccines and others. The main types of vaccines market are anti-infective vaccines, autoimmunity, others (cancer and others). Anti-infective vaccines are used to prevent infectious diseases. The various technologies of vaccines include conjugate vaccines, inactivated and subunit vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, and toxoid vaccines that are administered through intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), oral, and others. The different valance of vaccines market are monovalent and multivalent which are distributed by institutional sale, hospital pharmacies, and retail pharmacies. The global vaccines market size is expected to decline from $92.70 billion in 2021 to $105.20 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.5%. The slow decline is mainly due to the outbreak of COVID-19 that has led to deferment of immunocompromised treatments. The vaccines market is expected to reach $290.67 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 28.9%. Rising awareness on immunization and vaccination benefits in emerging markets is consistently driving the global vaccines market growth. World Health Organization (WHO) is taking initiatives to increase awareness of immunization through global vaccine action plan (GVAP) and global Immunization vision and strategy (GIVS). They aim to strengthen routine immunization, control morbidity and mortality from vaccine preventable diseases and help countries to immunize more people with a greater range of vaccines. The Organization accomplishes this work through its biological programme, the WHO Collaborating Centers, and the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS). In 2019, according to the WHO, approximately 85% of infants globally (116 million infants) received 3 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) vaccine, protecting them against infectious diseases that can cause serious illness and disability or be fatal. Furthermore, 125 countries reached at least 90% coverage of the DTP3 vaccine in 2019. The vaccines market growth is limited due to severe shortage of skilled healthcare professionals for developing biologics drugs which requires specialized skillsets. These skillsets are limited to some research organizations and medical equipment companies in the USA and Europe, this is expected to be a major restraint on the market. According to a study conducted by the consulting firm Mercer, the United States will face significant healthcare worker shortages in the coming decade. The firm predicts a shortage of more than 400,000 home health aides and 29,400 nurse practitioners by 2025. This shortage also led to rise in competition and salaries for the limited talent pool available for biologics talent, thereby further limiting growth of the market. The vaccines market has been witnessing multiple strategic initiatives and mergers and acquisitions in the recent years. Top companies in the market are strategically acquiring start-ups and mid-sized companies to broaden products and services. For instance, in February 2019, Bharat Biotech acquired Chiron Behring Vaccines, a clinical biotechnology company, one of the leading manufacturers of rabies vaccines across the globe. Similarly, in September 2021, Sanofi, a France based healthcare company, acquired Translate Bio, an mRNA therapeutics company developing potentially transformative medicines to treat diseases caused by protein or gene dysfunction, for a deal amount of $3.2 billion to develop mRNA vaccines. Companies in the industry are increasingly realigning their portfolios and pursuing profitable inorganic growth opportunities. Additionally, M&A interest is also being fueled by stronger corporate balance sheets, liquid debt markets, and continued favourable interest rates globally. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) in the United States responsible for assuring quality, safety, and effectiveness of all vaccines for human use. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) within the US FDA is responsible for regulating vaccines market. Governments across the world are encouraging the research and development of biologics in order to develop more targeted therapies and vaccines for various diseases. In May 2014, the US FDA announced a fast-track initiative to review its drugs and biologics policy to speed the availability of therapies to patients with serious conditions, orphan drugs for rare disease, while preserving the safety and efficacy standards. In 2016, FDA also removed a rule (Section 610.21 of the FDA code) which specified minimal potency limits for certain antibodies and antigens. In addition, FDA is also updating regulations (Section 610.53 of FDA code) regarding storage periods and storage conditions for biologics. In May 2020, Novavax, a US-based late-stage biotechnology company specialising in next-generation vaccines, announced the acquisition of Praha Vaccines, a subsidiary of the Cyrus Poonawalla Group, for a deal amount of $167 million. With this acquisition, Novavax increased its annual capacity of more than one billion doses of antigen for NVX-CoV2373, Novavax's COVID-19 vaccine candidate. Praha Vaccines was a subsidiary of the Cyrus Poonawalla Group, which is the parent company of Serum Institute of India and specialises in the production of immuno-biologicals. Major players in the vaccines market are AstraZeneca, Emergent Biosolutions, Glaxosmithkline, Merck, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Abbott, Astellas Pharma, Bavarian Nordic, CSL Limited, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Johnson & Johnson, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Serum Institute of India, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Biological E Limited, BiondVax Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Madison Vaccines Incorporated, NOVARTIS AG, Novavax Inc., Panacea Biotec, Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Valneva SE, and VBI Vaccine Inc. North America was the largest region in the vaccines market in 2021. The Middle East is expected to be the fastest growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in the vaccine market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the vaccines market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK and USA. The global vaccines market is segmented - 1) By Type: Anti-Infective Vaccines, Autoimmunity, Others (Cancer and Others) 2) By Technology: Conjugate Vaccines, Inactivated and Subunit Vaccines, Live Attenuated Vaccines, Recombinant Vaccines, Toxoid Vaccines 3) By Route of Administration: Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SC), Oral, Others 4) By Valence: Monovalent, Multivalent 5) By Distribution Channel: Institutional Sale, Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies