Global Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) And Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Testing Market

The non-invasive prenatal testing market consists of sales of non-invasive prenatal testing kits, instruments and related services. Non-invasive prenatal testing kits and equipment are used to diagnose genetic abnormalities, mainly chromosome defects in fetus in first trimester of pregnancy. Non-invasive prenatal testing includes ultrasound detection, fetal cells in maternal blood tests, cell-free DNA in maternal plasma tests and biochemical screening tests. The non-invasive prenatal testing market covered in this report is segmented by type into consumables, instruments. The non-invasive prenatal testing market is also segmented by end user into hospital, diagnostic labs; by instruments into NGS systems, PCR instruments, microarrays, ultrasound devices, others(centrifuges, UV systems, incubators, microscopes); by consumables into assay kits &reagents, disposables; by application into trisomy, microdeletion, genetics, Rh factor. The global non-invasive prenatal testing market is expected to grow from $2.17 billion in 2020 to $2.43 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The non-invasive prenatal testing market is expected to reach $4.02 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 13.4%. The high incidence rate of Down syndrome is one major factor driving non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) market with increase in average maternal age which has led to a concern on the safety about the growth of the fetus. Down syndrome is a chromosomal condition that occurs when an error in cell division results in an extra chromosome 21 and can affect the fetus cognitive ability and physical growth. The NIPT screening tests do not harm the mother or baby, carries no risk of miscarriage as they are non-invasive, and can detect more than 99% of cases of Down syndrome. According to National Down Syndrome Society and Centres for Disease control and Prevention, in the USA, 1 in every 700 babies are born with Down syndrome and 80% of children with Down syndrome are born to older mothers. The increased risk of having babies with Down syndrome among older women drives the non-invasive prenatal testing market. The ethical hurdles in the non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) market have led to a range of ethical issues in terms of sex selection or aborting babies with chromosomal abnormality. Determining the sex of the fetus or knowing if the baby has an abnormality at an earlier stage led to abortions and resulted as an ethical issue which further led to strict regulations on using such devices. According to Department of Health (UK), there were 3,213 abortions in England and Wales from which 37% of the total abortions consisted of chromosomal abnormality and 80% of the abortions were performed under 10 weeks of pregnancy. These hurdles will restrain the non-invasive prenatal testing market. Next generation sequencing has increased the throughput, scalability, and speed, and further enables researchers to perform a wide range of applications and study biological systems at a higher level. Next generation sequencing is a platform that has enabled sequencing of thousands to millions of DNA molecules simultaneously. The manufacturers have introduced this technology to reduce the time and money required and optimizes the output to generate results regarding genome, DNA testing. Major companies such as Illumina, Eurofins, Natera, Roche, and Annoroad have implemented this technology in non-invasive prenatal testing. CFDA (China Food and Drug Administration) has approved the medical instrument product registration of NGS instrument NextSeq 550AR produced by Annoroad. The non-invasive prenatal testing market is regulated by several regulations that are governed by multiple international and country specific agencies. For instance, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that issues Laboratory Developed Tests (LDTs) certification and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) certification. The manufacturer needs to obtain a 510(k) premarket notification for in vitro diagnostic test. LDTs and CLIA certification are based on number of tests done during clinical trials. For example: For trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), there is an incidence of 1/1000. Given a target of 100 positive results, at least 100,000 samples would have to be tested to meet the requirements of a 510k. A 510k premarket notification demonstrates that the new product is at least as safe and effective as another legally-marketed device. It is mandatory for manufacturers to register a premarket notification before a new product can be certified as fit for market commercially. In June 2019, Invitae, a USA based medical genetics company acquired Singular Bio for $55M. This acquisition will further strengthen Invitae's ability to bring genetic information into mainstream medical care. Singular Bio, a USA based company specializing in single-molecule, cell-free DNA analysis that it is developing for non-invasive prenatal testing. Major players in the non-invasive prenatal testing market are F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Illumina, Inc., Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Natera, Inc. and PerkinElmer Inc. The regions covered in the non-invasive prenatal testing market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the non-invasive prenatal testing market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global non-invasive prenatal testing market is segmented - 1) By Type: Consumables, Instruments 2) By End User: Hospital, Diagnostic Labs 3) By Instruments: NGS Systems, PCR Instruments, Microarrays, Ultrasound Devices, Others (Centrifuges, UV Systems, Incubators, Microscopes) 4) By Consumables: Assay Kits & Reagents, Disposables 5) By Application: Trisomy, Microdeletion, Genetics, Rh Factor

The hospital-acquired infections testing kits market consists of sales of hospital-acquired infections testing kits, devices and related services. Hospital acquired infections testing kits are used to check the infections associated with pathogens such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multi-resistant gram-negative bacilli, norovirus, and clostridium difficile. The hospital acquired infections testing kits market covered in this report is segmented by product into instrument & reagents, consumables. The hospital-acquired infections testing kits market is also segmented by test type into pneumonia infection, urinary tract infection, blood stream associated infection, surgical site infection, MRSA infection, others; by application into drug-resistance testing, disease testing; by pathogen type into viral, bacterial, fungal and by method of treatment into sterilization, chemical, radiation. The global hospital acquired infections testing kits market is expected to grow from $0.9 billion in 2020 to $1 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.1%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The hospital-acquired infections testing kits market is expected to reach $1.49 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 10.5%. The hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are on the rise, affecting both the inpatients and outpatients. Hospital acquired infections or nosocomial infections are diseases that are acquired in hospitals and medical clinics. For example, according to the findings by Center for Disease Control and Prevention, around 1.7 million people in the USA acquire hospital-acquired infections caused while being admitted for other health issues and more than 98,000 (around 5%) patients die due to these infections. The increasing incidence of hospital-acquired infections leads to an increase in the demand for hospital acquired infections testing kits. Most of the underdeveloped and developing nations lack proper health insurance that covers essential health services. According to a report by the World Bank and the World Health Organization, more than 50% of the world’s population cannot avail essential health services due to expensive healthcare services that pushes them to poverty. For instance, 800 million people spend more than 10% of their household budgets on health expenses for themselves, a sick child or other family member and for almost 100 million people these expenses are high enough to push them into extreme poverty. This lack of financially affordable healthcare hinders the market growth for diagnostic services including hospital acquired infection testing. The diagnostic tests involved in diagnosing HAIs such as flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, near-infrared spectroscopy, nucleic acid-based technologies are advancing in technologies, providing more accurate data. There has been a significant advancement in mass spectrometers, which quantifies known materials, and identifies unknown compounds within a sample. For instance, SCIEX’s X500 QTOF solves the challenge of contamination and is a compact device that does not compromise on resolution and accuracy. It gives results sooner and allows the operator to make data-driven decisions sooner. The market for hospital acquired infections testing kits is regulated by government agencies such as US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) in the USA, and the European Medicines Agency/Committee in European Region. The regulatory body lays down a set of guidelines pertaining to safety, efficiency and efficacy of the instruments that form part of the hospital acquired infection testing kits market. The manufacturers and service providers must comply with the CBER Regulations that have been published in the first chapter Title 21 of CFR. Part 600 of CFR 21 primarily focuses on the established standards like retention samples conditions, temperature to be maintained during shipment, sterilization of equipment and role and duties of the inspector to inspect the laboratories. The regulation also allows the manufacturer to report any kind of deviation of their product from their intended purpose. CBER comes under FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Also, Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, Part 866 states regulations pertaining to immunology and microbiology devices. These devices are used to identify infections caused due to bacteria and various viruses. Major players in the hospital-acquired infections testing kits market are Becton, Dickinson and Company, Abbott Laboratories, Cepheid, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., and Hologic. The regions covered in the hospital-acquired infections testing kits market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the hospital-acquired infections testing kits market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global hospital acquired infections testing kits market is segmented - 1) By Product: Instrument & Reagents, Consumables 2) By Test Type: Pneumonia Infection, Urinary Tract Infection, Blood Stream Associated Infection, Surgical Site Infection, MRSA Infection, Others  3) By Application: Drug-Resistance Testing, Disease Testing 4) By Pathogen Type: Viral, Bacterial, Fungal 5) By Method of Treatment: Sterilization, Chemical, Radiation

The pharma microbiology testing kits market consists of sales of pharma microbiology testing kits and related services. The pharma microbiology testing kits are used to detect the microbial limits among drugs, vaccines and other biologics. The related services include only installation and maintenance services offered by equipment manufacturers. Pharmaceutical microbiology testing includes bioburden testing, sterility testing, environmental testing, endotoxin testing and others. The pharma microbiology testing kits market covered in this report is segmented by product into consumables, equipment. The pharma microbiology testing kits market is also segmented by test into endotoxin testing, sterility testing, microbial examination, environmental monitoring, others and by end user into hospitals & diagnostic centers, custom lab service providers, academic & research institutes. The global pharma microbiology testing kits market is expected to grow from $4.57 billion in 2020 to $4.99 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The pharma microbiology testing kits market is expected to reach $7.14 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 9.4%. The rise in the incidence of infectious diseases is one of the prime drivers of pharma microbiology testing kits market. According to CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention), infectious diseases such as Hepatitis A, B and C, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are increasing their prevalence globally. WHO report indicated that, there were about 1.4 million cases of as Hepatitis A reported globally every year. Hence the increasing number of infectious disease cases due to infected needle injections, unprotected sex, homelessness, lack of access to medical care and other socioeconomic challenges drives the pharma microbiology testing kits market. Limited shelf life of microorganisms and microbiology reagents acts a major restraint on pharma microbiology testing kits market. Shelf life is defined as the time for which a product remains fit for use after its generation. The shelf life of microbiology reagents depends upon the exposure to atmospheric conditions. The life of microorganisms such as bacteria (only 12hours) is short therefore the time for microbiological research is very limited as the quality of microorganisms deteriorate and become unfit to use resulting in inaccurate pharma microbiology testing kits results. Hence, the short or limited shelf life of microbiology reagents may increase cost and hamper the pharma microbiology testing kits market growth. Outsourcing of microbiological testing to contract testing laboratories is becoming popular in the pharma microbiology testing kits market. Outsourcing of routine microbiological testing activities controls and ensures better quality and safety of raw materials, intermediates, and finished products. The contract testing laboratories are outsourced with some testing areas such as stability testing, raw material testing, method validation, microbial testing, environmental monitoring, physical characterization, batch-release testing, bio analytical testing and others. For instance, the global healthcare analytical testing market is projected to expand to $4.13 billion by 2021 at a growth rate of 11.3%. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal agency and regulatory body for pharma microbiology testing kits market in the United States department of health and human services. In September 2018, FDA has set scientific standards for testing foods for various contaminants. Laboratories and food companies across the globe use these standards to make sure that food products are safe to eat and drink. FDA's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) detects pathogens (bacterial, viral, parasitic, plus yeast and mold) in food and cosmetic products. Enhanced standards for microbial testing, additional microbiological methods and environmental testing methods have been set by FDA in order to ensure food and drug safety. In February 2019, bioMérieux, a food microbiology testing and in vitro diagnostics company, acquired Invisible Sentinel for $75 million. This acquisition would strengthen and broaden bioMérieux's product portfolio with molecular diagnostic tools, and capitalize on marketing innovative technologies such as DNA Signature Capturing Technology. Invisible Sentinel manufactures and markets innovative molecular diagnostic tools for the rapid, accurate and reliable detection of pathogens and spoilage organisms in food and beverage. Invisible Sentinel Inc. was founded in 2006 and is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Major players in the pharma microbiology testing kits market are F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Abbott Laboratories, ThermoFisher Scientific and Lucideon. The regions covered in the pharma microbiology testing kits market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the pharma microbiology testing kits market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global pharma microbiology testing kits market is segmented - 1) By Product: Consumables, Equipment 2) By Test: Endotoxin Testing, Sterility Testing, Microbial Examination, Environmental Monitoring, Others 3) By End User: Hospitals & Diagnostic Centers, Custom Lab Service Providers, Academic & Research Institutes

The food and beverages testing kits market consists of sales of food and beverages microbiology testing equipment and consumables. These testing consumables include reagents and kits such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test kits, whereas equipment include standalone instruments such as chromatography, mass spectrometry instruments. Common microbiology test include detection of E.coli, salmonella, campylobacter and listeria among others. The food and beverage testing kits market covered in this report is segmented by product into consumables, equipment. The food and beverages testing kits market is also segmented by application into meat, poultry, seafood, dairy, processed foods, fruits and vegetables; by technology into traditional, rapid; by contaminants type into pathogens, GMOs, pesticides, toxins. The global food and beverage testing kits market is expected to grow from $14.92 billion in 2020 to $16.19 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The food and beverages testing kits market is expected to reach $21.25 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 7%. Rising incidence of infectious diseases is increasing the demand for testing services, thus driving the food and beverage testing kits market. Unsafe food or beverages can carry harmful bacteria, chemicals or substances, which can lead to various infectious diseases. With the help of testing devices, the quality of the food or beverage can be checked to ensure safety of the consumer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), close to 600 million people, around 1 in every 10 people, fall sick after the consumption of contaminated food, and close to 420000 people die due to such consumption. These rising incidences of infectious diseases due to contaminated food are expected to increase the demand for testing devices and drive the food and beverage testing kits market during the forecast period. Lack of awareness regarding food safety and testing is restraining the food and beverage testing kits market. There has been an increase in the number of food related diseases due to the inadequate knowledge among the consumers. Foodborne diseases occur due to an increase in the toxins, chemicals or other dangerous particles in the food. For example, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), close to 100,000 people fall ill due to the food they consume and around 37,000 deaths have been recorded in the East Mediterranean region. Thus, lack of awareness in consumers regarding food adulteration is expected to limit the demand for food and beverage testing kits, and restrain the growth of the market. The latest trend in the food and beverage testing kits market is the introduction of forward laser light scatter technology. Forward laser light scatter (FLLS) can be used to measure bacterial growth in food and beverage products for an early determination of antimicrobial susceptibility. This technology works by using a laser light source to measure a liquid sample's optical density (OD). The FLLS system can obtain results in about 6 hours for fast growing microorganisms and can take up to 18 hours for slower growing organisms. High speed and accuracy of this technology is useful in clinical use for expediting testing results, thereby improving the choice of the suitable antimicrobial treatment, and supporting processes. Institutes such as Hettich, MIT and Purdue University, St. Jude are using and studying this technology for a better understanding and to increase the accuracy for identifying the pathogens. Regulatory authorities such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), regulates the market for food and beverage testing kits. FDA classifies the devices into Class I, Class II and Class III devices. As per the FDA guidelines, Class I devices come under general controls. Class II medical devices are subjected to special labelling requirements, mandatory performance standards and post-market surveillance. The Class III devices are subjected to support or sustain human life, or present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury and require premarket approval. Device manufacturers must register their facilities and list their devices with FDA and follow general controls requirements. There are two methods through which manufacturers can gain premarket approval. The first method consists of conducting clinical studies and submitting a premarket approval (PMA) application that includes evidence providing reasonable assurance that the device is safe and effective. The other method involves submitting a 510(k)-notification demonstrating that the device is substantially equivalent to a device already on the market (a predicate device), such devices do not require a PMA. In August 2018, Eurofins acquired Labcorp's Covance Food Solutions for $670 Million. Convance Food Solutions was established in 1997, and is headquartered in Texas, USA. Covance Food Solutions offers routine and specialized laboratory testing and services focused on product safety, quality and adherence to internal and external standards, for existing and in-development food, beverage and supplement products. This acquisition will help Eurofins to expand its portfolio and gain advantage over its competitors, thus strengthening Eurofins position in the food and beverage testing kits market. Major players in the food and beverages testing kits market are SGS, Eurofins, Intertek, Mérieux and Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. The regions covered in the food and beverages testing kits market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the food and beverages testing kits market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global food and beverage testing kits market is segmented - 1) By Product: Consumables, Equipment 2) By Application: Meat, Poultry, Seafood, Dairy, Processed Foods, Fruits And Vegetables 3) By Technology: Traditional, Rapid 4) By Contaminants Type: Pathogens, GMOs, Pesticides, Toxins

The rapid microbiology testing kits market consists of sales of rapid microbiology test kits and equipment. Rapid testing methods include equipment such as flow cytometry and mass spectroscopy. Rapid microbiology testing has high sensitivity and less turnover time compared to traditional methods, and is used to diagnose infectious diseases or target products by examining pathogens within a short period. The rapid microbiology testing kits market covered in this report is segmented by product type into instruments, reagents and kits, consumables. The rapid microbiology testing kits market is also segmented by application into clinical disease diagnosis, food and beverage testing, pharmaceutical and biological drug testing, cosmetics and personal care products testing, environmental testing, research applications, others and by testing type into growth-based rapid microbiology testing kits, cellular component-based rapid microbiology testing kits, nucleic acid-based rapid microbiology testing kits, viability-based rapid microbiology testing kits, other rapid microbiology testing kits methods. The global rapid microbiology testing kits market is expected to grow from $3.74 billion in 2020 to $4.02 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.5%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The rapid microbiology testing kits market is expected to reach $5.25 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 6.9%. The rising number of infectious diseases is one of the major drivers for the rapid microbiology testing kits market. Rapid diagnostic tests are faster, more reliable, and more widely available than traditional tests. As the number of infectious disease cases increases, the need for tests to confirm these diseases also increases. With increasing demand for microbiology tests, the need for rapid microbiology tests is increasing as it gives quicker results than normal microbiology tests. For example, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Trusted Source, the number of visits to physician offices with infectious and parasitic diseases as the primary diagnosis was 15.5 million and the number of emergency department visits with infectious and parasitic diseases as the primary diagnosis was 3.7 million per year. The stringent regulations related to rapid microbiology testing kits are a major restraint for the market. This is because scientific validation is a critical part of obtaining regulatory approval for a rapid microbiology testing method. In this regard, various tests such as a test for accuracy, specificity, precision, range and robustness are mandatory. The processes for evaluating, validating and implementing rapid microbiology test methods are expensive and time consuming. This often leads to delay in the launch of a testing method and adds up to the final cost of the test. For example, the process for approval by the FDA for rapid microbiology testing methods is very time consuming which alters the normal operating cycle for manufacturers and causes a delay in commercial launch of the test devices in the market. Technological advancements are an emerging trend in the rapid microbiology testing kits market. This is mainly because these technological advancements improve reliability and efficiency of tests and testing methods. Automation in rapid microbial detection enables higher throughputs and greater accuracy in results. Similarly, robotic cassette handling, incubation and imaging reduces the risks of miscounts, mid-test contamination and incorrect data entry, which leads to fewer false positives and out-of-specification investigations. Fewer investigations then ultimately improve uptime, and reduces delay and recall of tests. For example, Abbott Laboratories announced a next generation Alinity HQ Hematology Analyzer that is aimed to minimize errors and reduce manual steps in testing. The FDA regulates rapid microbiology testing through its process analytical technology (PAT) regulatory framework initiative. PAT is a system which evaluates the designing, controlling and timely measuring of critical quality of raw and processed materials. It seeks that manufacturers have built-in quality into products rather than testing quality in products. This ensures final product quality and improves manufacturing efficiencies. Hence, regulations such as these would keep a check on the companies in the rapid microbiology testing market. Major players in the rapid microbiology testing kits market are Abbott Laboratories, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Bruker Corporation, Charles River Laboratories International Inc., and Danaher Corporation. The regions covered in the rapid microbiology testing kits market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the rapid microbiology testing kits market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global rapid microbiology testing kits market is segmented - 1) By Product Type: Instruments, Reagents And Kits, Consumables 2) By Application: Clinical Disease Diagnosis, Food And Beverage Testing, Pharmaceutical And Biological Drug Testing, Cosmetics And Personal Care Products Testing, Environmental Testing, Research Applications, Others 3) By Testing Type: Growth-Based Rapid Microbiology Testing Kits, Cellular Component-Based Rapid Microbiology Testing Kits, Nucleic Acid-Based Rapid Microbiology Testing Kits, Viability-Based Rapid Microbiology Testing Kits, Other Rapid Microbiology Testing Kits Methods

The veterinary laboratory testing services market consists of sales of laboratory testing services for animals. These services consist of various tests conducted for the diagnosis of infectious agents, toxins, and other causes of diseases in animals. The tests conducted involve chemistry, pathology, serology, hematology, radiography, and endocrinology related assessments. The global veterinary laboratory testing services market is expected to grow from $15.75 billion in 2020 to $17.83 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.2%. The growth is mainly due to the companies rearranging their operations and recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The market is expected to reach $21.47 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 4.8%. The veterinary laboratory testing services market is being driven by the rising prevalence of disease epidemics in animals. For instance, cattle are getting infected by a wide group of pathogens, which is leading to a rise in the number of laboratory tests done for cattle. Moreover, livestock globally is getting vulnerable to infectious diseases caused by pathogens and viruses. For instance, Salmonella and Campylobacter are the two most common zoonotic pathogens that are present in the intestine tract of animals, such as chicken, swine, and cattle, and are leading causes of foodborne disease worldwide. These diseases get passed through the food chain to humans which is a potential threat. Therefore, efforts to curb these infections in animals are driving the market for Veterinary Laboratory Testing. The FoodNet system (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, USA) identified 24,484 foodborne illnesses, 5,677 hospitalizations, and 122 deaths. The highest incidences per 100,000 population were for Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella(these are organisms causing Bacterial gastroenteritis which is a digestive problem) in the USA. The veterinary laboratory testing services market is being restrained by a lack of animal healthcare awareness in emerging markets, which is responsible for causing many animal-related diseases to go untreated. Some of the animal illnesses are often unknown or undiagnosed due to the lack of awareness. For instance, in emerging countries like India, China, and South Africa, diseases like rabies which can be detected through veterinary testing are often left undiagnosed which results in the deaths of a large number of people, who are bitten by rabid animals in these countries. For example, more than 55,000 people globally die of rabies every year and around 30,000 of these cases were from India. According to Prof Andrew Leisewitz from the University of Pretoria, around 27,000 cases of animal rabies were reported but the estimated number of actual cases was much higher. Such lack of awareness, especially in emerging markets, is restraining the veterinary laboratory testing services market. The companies in the veterinary laboratory testing services are increasingly adopting multiple testing panels. A test panel is a pre-decided group of medical tests to be used in the diagnosis as well as the treatment of the animal disease. The test panels are normally composed of individual laboratory tests which are grouped by specimen type, the methodology used, or by the most frequently requested tests. Multiple test panels offer various advantages such as labor efficiency, automation, and reduced costs, achieved by conducting a large number of tests daily. For instance, Abaxis Inc. is using multiple single-use test panels designed to address a number of conditions, wherein just 3 to 4 drops of blood are required to deliver up to 14 precise results. The veterinary laboratory testing services market in the US is subject to regulations by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC requires the professionals responsible for conducting the tests to undergo technical training at the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL). The veterinary laboratory personnel is required to conduct the tests licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) as per the label instructions or the official protocols provided by the NVSL. Further, the CDC requires the laboratory personnel to test only those samples submitted by accredited veterinarians and report the test results within 48 hours of completion. Laboratory inspections must be conducted by animal health officials on a periodic basis. In 2019, Zoetis acquired Phoenix lab for an undisclosed amount. Phoenix Central laboratory is a full-service veterinary laboratory company that provides veterinary diagnostic services based in Mukilteo, USA. The company was founded in the year 1988. Major players in the market are ABAXIS, Inc., IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Heska Corporation, Pfizer Animal Health, Neogen Corporation. The countries covered in the global veterinary laboratory testing services market are Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Russia, UK, USA, Australia. The regions covered in the global veterinary laboratory testing services market are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa. The global veterinary laboratory testing services market is segmented - 1) By Technology: Clinical Biochemistry, Immunodiagnostics, Hematology, Molecular Diagnostics, Urinalysis, Others 2) By Animal Type: Pet Animals, Livestock 3) By End User: Veterinary Hospitals & Clinics, Diagnostic Laboratories, Research Institutes, In-House Testing, Others

The Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) devices and reagents market consists of sales of PCR devices and reagents and related services. The services includes only installation and maintenance services offered by equipment manufacturers. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) devices are designed to aid scientist in producing multiple copies of specific DNA segments. The global polymerase chain reactions (PCR) devices, reagents and uses market was valued at about $3.86 billion in 2018 and is expected to grow to $5.09 billion at a CAGR of 7.2% through 2022. Growing prevalence of infectious diseases across the world is driving the polymerase chain reactions devices and reagents market. Polymerase chain reactions devices are used in clinical laboratories to detect the presence of infectious disease. In a report published in 2018 by the World Health Organization, it was reported that around 17 million people are killed in a year due to infectious disease. Also, the same report stated that 30 new infectious disease have emerged in the last 20 years. According to the National Centre for Health Statistics, in 2016, 15.5 million people in the US visited a physician, due to an infectious disease. In 2017, there were major outbreaks of infectious disease like hepatitis A outbreak in California, USA and Cholera in Yemen. Such instances are increasing the demand for clinical diagnostic services and thereby driving the polymerase chain reactions devices and reagents market. Emergence of alternatives is a major restraint on the growth of polymerase chain reaction devices and reagents market. In the field of DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction technique has competitors like Next Generation Sequencing and Sanger Sequencing which provides similar utility as PCR devices and reagents and even better results in some cases, thus increasing the competition in the market and thereby limiting PCR devices and reagents growth. For instance, in a study conducted in 2016, 138 FFPE non-small lung cancer samples were examined, with assays developed through Sanger, Next Generation Sequencing and polymerase chain reaction techniques. All three assays were compared and it was reported that assays developed by NGS and QPCR exhibited similar analytical sensitivity, simplicity and high level of concordance. Moreover, it was found that NGS assays proved to be better than qPCR in displaying more accurate information about allele sequence, mutation frequency and in detection of non-hotspot mutations. This emergence of alternative procedures is expected to restrain the growth of the market during the forecast period. Companies in the polymerase chain reaction devices and reagents market are increasingly focusing on Digital PCR due to its higher accuracy compared to conventional PCR. Conventional PCR is an end-point investigation which is not fully quantified because the enhanced item is distinguished by agarose gel electrophoresis. Digital PCR expands on customary PCR enhancement and fluorescent-probe– based identification techniques to give comprehensive evaluation of nucleic acids without the requirement for standard bends. The companies investing in digital polymerase chain reaction technology includes BioRad Technologies, Atlas Genetics, OriGene Technologies STST-Diagnostica, Ugen Tec and Genesis Healthcare Company. Major players in the Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) devices and reagents market are Bio-Rad Laboratories, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Becton, Dickinson and Company and Abbott.

Oral Biologics & Biosimilars Market Definition

The oral biologics and biosimilars market consist of sales of oral biologics and biosimilar products and related services used to treat chronic diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. Biologics are drugs made from living cells using highly complex technology, while biosimilars are biological products which are being produced to be identical to a biologic already approved, known as reference drugs. Biosimilars should have similar safety and efficacy compared to the reference biologic product. The oral biologics and biosimilar market comprise of biologics and biosimilar drugs through oral delivery route, for the treatment of chronic diseases.