1 Executive Summary1.1 Vacuum Coating Equipment – Market Attractiveness And Macro Economic Landscape
2 Table Of Contents
3 List Of Tables
4 List Of Figures
5 Report Structure
6 Market Characteristics
6.1 General Market Definition
6.2 Summary
6.3 Vacuum Coating Equipment Market Definition And Segmentations
6.4 Market Segmentation By Product
6.4.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
6.4.2 Magnetron Sputtering
6.4.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
6.5 Market Segmentation By Application
6.5.1 Transparent Electrical Conductors
6.5.2 Optical Films
6.5.3 Packaging
6.5.4 Hard And Wear-Resistant Coatings
6.5.5 Energy (Including Hydrogen And Battery Applications)
6.5.6 Medical Devices
6.5.7 Wear-Resistant Tools
6.5.8 Electronic Components And Devices
6.5.9 Other Applications
6.6 Market Segmentation By Vertical
6.6.1 Electronics
6.6.2 Automotive
6.6.3 Healthcare
6.6.4 Aerospace
6.6.5 Opto-Electronics
6.6.6 Defense
6.6.7 Other Verticals
7 Major Market Trends
7.1 Next-Gen Thin-Film Coating Platform Set To Accelerate Solar Cell Manufacturing
7.2 Advanced Next-Generation PVD Systems Set New Benchmarks In Vacuum Coating
7.3 Strategic Partnerships Drive Innovation In Vacuum Coating Technology
7.4 Coating Technology Centers Accelerate Innovation In Aerospace And Turbine Manufacturing
7.5 Advanced Vacuum Coating Line Bridges R&D And Industrial Production
7.6 Advanced Sputtering Machines Redefine Coating Precision And Efficiency
8 Qualitative Information On Coating Materials Needed In Each Application
8.1 Transparent Electrical Conductors
8.2 Optical Films
8.3 Packaging
8.4 Hard and Wear-Resistant Coatings
8.5 Energy
8.6 Medical Devices
8.7 Wear-Resistant Tools
8.8 Electronic Components and Devices
8.9 Other Applications
9 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Growth Analysis And Strategic Analysis Framework
9.1 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment PESTEL Analysis
9.1.1 Political
9.1.2 Economic
9.1.3 Social
9.1.4 Technological
9.1.5 Environmental
9.1.6 Legal
9.2 Analysis Of End User (B2B)
9.2.1 Electronics
9.2.2 Automotive
9.2.3 Healthcare
9.2.4 Aerospace
9.2.5 Opto-Electronics
9.2.6 Defense
9.2.7 Other End Users
9.3 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market Growth Rate Analysis
9.4 Historic Market Growth, 2019 – 2024, Value ($ Million)
9.4.1 Market Drivers 2019 – 2024
9.4.2 Market Restraints 2019 – 2024
9.5 Forecast Market Growth, 2024 – 2029, 2034F Value ($ Million)
9.6 Forecast Growth Contributors/Factors
9.6.1 Quantitative Growth Contributors
9.6.2 Drivers
9.6.3 Restraints
9.7 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Total Addressable Market (TAM)
10 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market Segmentation
10.1 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
10.2 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
10.3 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
10.4 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), By Type, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
10.5 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Magnetron Sputtering, By Type, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
10.6 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Sub-Segmentation Of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), By Type, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
11 Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Regional and Country Analysis
11.1 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, By Region, Historic and Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
11.2 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, By Country, Historic and Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12 Asia-Pacific Market
12.1 Summary
12.2 Market Overview
12.2.1 Region Information
12.2.2 Market Information
12.2.3 Background Information
12.2.4 Government Initiatives
12.2.5 Regulations
12.2.6 Regulatory Bodies
12.2.7 Major Associations
12.2.8 Taxes Levied
12.2.9 Corporate Tax Structure
12.2.10 Investments
12.2.11 Major Companies
12.3 Asia-Pacific Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.4 Asia-Pacific Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.5 Asia-Pacific Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.6 Asia-Pacific Vacuum Coating Equipment Market: Country Analysis
12.7 China Market
12.8 Summary
12.9 Market Overview
12.9.1 Country Information
12.9.2 Market Information
12.9.3 Background Information
12.9.4 Government Initiatives
12.9.5 Regulations
12.9.6 Regulatory Bodies
12.9.7 Major Associations
12.9.8 Taxes Levied
12.9.9 Corporate Tax Structure
12.9.10 Investments
12.9.11 Major Companies
12.10 China Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.11 China Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.12 China Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.13 India Market
12.14 India Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.15 India Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.16 India Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.17 Japan Market
12.18 Summary
12.19 Market Overview
12.19.1 Country Information
12.19.2 Market Information
12.19.3 Background Information
12.19.4 Government Initiatives
12.19.5 Regulations
12.19.6 Regulatory Bodies
12.19.7 Major Associations
12.19.8 Taxes Levied
12.19.9 Corporate Tax Structure
12.19.10 Investments
12.19.11 Major Companies
12.20 Japan Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.21 Japan Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.22 Japan Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.23 Australia Market
12.24 Australia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.25 Australia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.26 Australia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.27 Indonesia Market
12.28 Indonesia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.29 Indonesia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.30 Indonesia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.31 South Korea Market
12.32 Summary
12.33 Market Overview
12.33.1 Country Information
12.33.2 Market Information
12.33.3 Background Information
12.33.4 Government Initiatives
12.33.5 Regulations
12.33.6 Regulatory Bodies
12.33.7 Major Associations
12.33.8 Taxes Levied
12.33.9 Corporate Tax Structure
12.33.10 Major Companies
12.34 South Korea Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.35 South Korea Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
12.36 South Korea Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13 Western Europe Market
13.1 Summary
13.2 Market Overview
13.2.1 Region Information
13.2.2 Market Information
13.2.3 Background Information
13.2.4 Government Initiatives
13.2.5 Regulations
13.2.6 Regulatory Bodies
13.2.7 Major Associations
13.2.8 Taxes Levied
13.2.9 Corporate Tax Structure
13.2.10 Investments
13.2.11 Major Companies
13.3 Western Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.4 Western Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.5 Western Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.6 Western Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market: Country Analysis
13.7 UK Market
13.8 UK Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.9 UK Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.10 UK Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.11 Germany Market
13.12 Germany Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.13 Germany Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.14 Germany Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.15 France Market
13.16 France Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.17 France Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.18 France Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.19 Italy Market
13.20 Italy Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.21 Italy Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.22 Italy Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.23 Spain Market
13.24 Spain Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.25 Spain Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
13.26 Spain Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
14 Eastern Europe Market
14.1 Summary
14.2 Market Overview
14.2.1 Region Information
14.2.2 Market Information
14.2.3 Background Information
14.2.4 Government Initiatives
14.2.5 Regulations
14.2.6 Regulatory Bodies
14.2.7 Major Associations
14.2.8 Taxes Levied
14.2.9 Corporate Tax Structure
14.2.10 Major companies
14.3 Eastern Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
14.4 Eastern Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
14.5 Eastern Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
14.6 Eastern Europe Vacuum Coating Equipment Market: Country Analysis
14.7 Russia Market
14.8 Russia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
14.9 Russia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
14.10 Russia Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15 North America Market
15.1 Summary
15.2 Market Overview
15.2.1 Region Information
15.2.2 Market Information
15.2.3 Background Information
15.2.4 Government Initiatives
15.2.5 Regulations
15.2.6 Regulatory Bodies
15.2.7 Major Associations
15.2.8 Taxes Levied
15.2.9 Corporate Tax Structure
15.2.10 Investments
15.2.11 Major Companies
15.3 North America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.4 North America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.5 North America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.6 North America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market: Country Analysis
15.7 USA Market
15.8 Summary
15.9 Market Overview
15.9.1 Country Information
15.9.2 Market Information
15.9.3 Background Information
15.9.4 Government Initiatives
15.9.5 Regulations
15.9.6 Regulatory Bodies
15.9.7 Major Associations
15.9.8 Taxes Levied
15.9.9 Corporate Tax Structure
15.9.10 Investments
15.9.11 Major Companies
15.10 USA Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.11 USA Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.12 USA Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.13 Canada Market
15.14 Summary
15.15 Market Overview
15.15.1 Country Information
15.15.2 Market Information
15.15.3 Background Information
15.15.4 Government Initiatives
15.15.5 Regulations
15.15.6 Regulatory Bodies
15.15.7 Major Associations
15.15.8 Taxes Levied
15.15.9 Corporate Tax Structure
15.15.10 Major Companies
15.16 Canada Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.17 Canada Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
15.18 Canada Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
16 South America Market
16.1 Summary
16.2 Market Overview
16.2.1 Region Information
16.2.2 Market Information
16.2.3 Background Information
16.2.4 Government Initiatives
16.2.5 Regulations
16.2.6 Regulatory Bodies
16.2.7 Major Associations
16.2.8 Taxes Levied
16.2.9 Corporate Tax Structure
16.2.10 Major Companies
16.3 South America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
16.4 South America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
16.5 South America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
16.6 South America Vacuum Coating Equipment Market: Country Analysis
16.7 Brazil Market
16.8 Brazil Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
16.9 Brazil Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
16.10 Brazil Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
17 Middle East Market
17.1 Summary
17.2 Market Overview
17.2.1 Region Information
17.2.2 Market Information
17.2.3 Background Information
17.2.4 Government Initiatives
17.2.5 Regulations
17.2.6 Regulatory Bodies
17.2.7 Major Associations
17.2.8 Taxes Levied
17.2.9 Corporate Tax Structure
17.2.10 Investments
17.2.11 Major Companies
17.3 Middle East Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
17.4 Middle East Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
17.5 Middle East Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
18 Africa Market
18.1 Summary
18.2 Market Overview
18.2.1 Region Information
18.2.2 Market Information
18.2.3 Background Information
18.2.4 Government Initiatives
18.2.5 Regulations
18.2.6 Regulatory Bodies
18.2.7 Major Associations
18.2.8 Taxes Levied
18.2.9 Corporate Tax Structure
18.2.10 Major Companies
18.3 Africa Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Product, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
18.4 Africa Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Application, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
18.5 Africa Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Segmentation By Vertical, Historic And Forecast, 2019 – 2024, 2029F, 2034F, Value ($ Million)
19 Competitive Landscape And Company Profiles
19.1 Company Profiles
19.2.1 Oerlikon Balzers Coating AG
19.2.2 Company Overview
19.2.3 Products And Services
19.2.4 Business Strategy
19.2.5 Financial Overview
19.3 IHI Corporation (Hauzer Techno Coating)
19.3.1 Company Overview
19.3.2 Products And Services
19.3.3 Business Strategy
19.3.4 Financial Overview
19.4 Bühler Group
19.4.1 Company Overview
19.4.2 Products And Services
19.4.3 Business Strategy
19.4.4 Financial Overview
19.5 Applied Materials Inc
19.5.1 Company Overview
19.5.2 Products And Services
19.5.3 Business Strategy
19.5.4 Financial Overview
19.6 Ferrotec Holdings Corporation
19.6.1 Company Overview
19.6.2 Products And Services
19.6.3 Business Strategy
19.6.4 Financial Overview
20 Other Major And Innovative Companies
20.1 ULVAC Inc.
20.1.1 Company Overview
20.1.2 Products And Services
20.2 Veeco Instruments Inc.
20.2.1 Company Overview
20.2.2 Products And Services
20.3 Pfeiffer Vacuum Technology AG
20.3.1 Company Overview
20.3.2 Products And Services
20.4 ShinMaywa Industries Ltd.
20.4.1 Company Overview
20.4.2 Products And Services
20.5 Leybold GmbH
20.5.1 Company Overview
20.5.2 Products And Services
20.6 Bobst Group SA
20.6.1 Company Overview
20.6.2 Products And Services
20.7 HEF Groupe
20.7.1 Company Overview
20.7.2 Products And Services
20.8 Kashiyama Industries Ltd.
20.8.1 Company Overview
20.8.2 Products And Services
20.9 Optorun Inc.
20.9.1 Company Overview
20.9.2 Products And Services
20.10 Kurt J. Lesker Company
20.10.1 Company Overview
20.10.2 Products And Services
20.11 Singulus Technologies AG
20.11.1 Company Overview
20.11.2 Products And Services
20.12 Anest Iwata Corporation
20.12.1 Company Overview
20.12.2 Products And Services
20.13 Osaka Vacuum Ltd.
20.13.1 Company Overview
20.13.2 Products And Services
20.14 CVD Equipment Corporation
20.14.1 Company Overview
20.14.2 Products And Services
20.15 Evatec AG
20.15.1 Company Overview
20.15.2 Products And Services
21 Competitive Benchmarking
22 Competitive Dashboard
23 Key Mergers And Acquisitions
23.1 HEF Groupe Acquired Vergason Technology
23.2 Nanofilm Technologies International Limited Acquired AxynTeC Dünnschichttechnik
23.3 Spartek Acquired Marca Coating Technologies
24 Recent Developments In The Vacuum Coating Equipment Market
24.1 Next-Gen Vacuum Metalizing System Enhances Decorative Coating Capabilities
24.2 Immersive VR Unveils Next-Gen PVD Arc And Surface Engineering Advances
25 Market Opportunities And Strategies
25.1 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market In 2029 – Countries Offering Most New Opportunities
25.2 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market In 2029 – Segments Offering Most New Opportunities
25.3 Global Vacuum Coating Equipment Market In 2029 – Growth Strategies
25.3.1 Market Trend Based Strategies
25.3.2 Competitor Strategies
26 Vacuum Coating Equipment Market, Conclusions And Recommendations
26.1 Conclusions
26.2 Recommendations
26.2.1 Product
26.2.2 Place
26.2.3 Price
26.2.4 Promotion
26.2.5 People
27 Appendix
27.1 Geographies Covered
27.2 Market Data Sources
27.3 Research Methodology
27.4 Currencies
27.5 The Business Research Company
27.6 Copyright and Disclaimer