Global Pharmaceutical Drugs Market

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market consists of sales of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor biosimilars. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR) inhibitors are agents that inhibit VEGF and VEGFR activity. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an essential growth factor that promotes the growth of new blood vessels. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market covered in this report is segmented by drugs type into avastin, tecentriq, cometriq, eylea, others. It is also segmented by route of administration into oral, intravenous, and by application into oncology, ophthalmology, others. The global vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market is expected to grow from $0.29 billion in 2020 to $0.37 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 27.6%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market is expected to reach $3.34 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 73%. The growing prevalence of cancer and macular degeneration disease is expected to drive the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market. For instance, according to the Macular Society’s statistics published in October 2018, about 1.5 million people in the UK are affected by macular disease. Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 9.6 million deaths and 18.1 million new cancer cases in 2018. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents halt the progression of the disease and improve vision. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor slows and restricts tumor growth during cancers. Hence, the rising prevalence of cancer along with macular degeneration disease aids in the growth of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market over the forecast period. Side effects caused by VEGF inhibitors are expected to hinder the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market. Side effects of treatment with VEGF-targeting angiogenesis inhibitors include hemorrhage and clots in the arteries, which results in a stroke or heart attack, hypertension, reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, impaired wound healing, and protein in the urine. For instance, Bevacizumab, a biosimilar drug approved by FDA in 2018, has side effects such as impaired wound healing, hypertension, bleeding, and gastrointestinal perforations. Side effects caused by VEGF inhibitors hinders the growth of the VEGF inhibitor market. Key players operating in the industry are undergoing various collaborations and partnerships to expand their product portfolio by developing new products. For instance, in August 2018, Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a US-based biotechnology company, and Mylan N.V., a pharmaceutical company based in the US, entered into a partnership for the development of M710, a proposed biosimilar to EYLEA (aflibercept) injection. EYLEA is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor indicated for the treatment of various diseases including neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, and macular edema following retinal vein occlusion. Furthermore, in January 2020, Exonate, a biotechnology company, collaborated with Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson for the development of a new eye drop for the treatment of retinal vascular diseases. Exonate developed small molecules that inhibit the production of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through the selective inhibition of serine/threonine-protein kinase (SRPK1)-mediated VEGF splicing. In May 2020, AbbVie Inc., a US-based biopharmaceutical company, acquired Allergan plc for an amount of $63 billion. This acquisition is expected to give AbbVie Inc. an enhanced long-term growth potential along with a growing dividend and investment in innovation in each of Allergan plc therapeutic categories. Allergan plc is an Ireland-based pharmaceutical company engaged in the manufacturing of drugs and medical devices in the field of eye care, medical aesthetics, gastroenterology, and the central nervous system. Major players in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market are Pfizer, Amgen, Roche, Xbrane Biopharma AB, Genentech Inc., AstraZeneca plc, Bayer AG, Eli Lilly and Company, and Allergan plc. The regions covered in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global VEGF inhibitor market is segmented - 1) By Drugs Type: Avastin, Tecentriq, Cometriq, Eylea, Others 2) By Route Of Administration: Oral, Intravenous 3) By Application: Oncology, Ophthalmology, Others

The checkpoint inhibitors market consists of sales of the immune checkpoint inhibitor drugs and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that produce checkpoint inhibitors for treating cancer. A checkpoint inhibitor is a drug that blocks proteins that stop the body’s immune system from killing the cancer cells. One type of cell in the immune system that fights the cancer cells are T-cells. T cells have proteins on them that turn on immune response and other proteins that turn it off. These are called checkpoints. Some checkpoints help T-cells to become active while others help T-cells to switch off. When cancer cells produce high levels of proteins, the switch off checkpoints restrict the immune responses from being strong and sometimes even stops the T-cells from killing the cancer cells. When the checkpoints are blocked by the checkpoint inhibitor from binding with its partner proteins, this allows the T-cells to kill the cancer cells. The checkpoint inhibitors market covered in this report is segmented by drug into PD-1 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, CTLA-4, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell, others and by application into lung cancer, renal cancer, blood cancer, bladder cancer, melanoma, others. The global checkpoint inhibitors market is expected to grow from $15.29 billion in 2020 to $18.04 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The checkpoint inhibitors market is expected to reach $39.81 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 22%. The rise in the number of cancer cases across the globe is likely to contribute to the growth of the checkpoint inhibitors market during the forecast period. According to the American Cancer Society, there were 1.7 million new cases and 0.6 million cancer deaths in 2019 in the USA. The four most common types of cancers worldwide are lung, prostate, bowel, and female breast cancer, accounting for 43% of all the new cancer cases. Checkpoint inhibitors targeting the checkpoints are very helpful as cancer therapies. Therefore, the rise in cancer incidence rate globally is anticipated to boost the demand for the checkpoint inhibitors market. The high cost of checkpoint inhibitor cancer treatment is expected to limit the checkpoint inhibitor market. The pressure to contain costs and demonstrate value is widespread. Political uncertainty and persistent economic stress in numerous countries are calling into question the sustainability of public health care funding. In less wealthy countries, the lack of cost-effective therapies for cancer has influenced the health conditions of the population and has led to a low-average life expectancy. For instance, the cost for a course of intravenous checkpoint inhibitor therapy is around $150,000 to $250,000, which is very expensive, especially for countries without public insurance. Therefore, the high cost of checkpoint inhibitor cancer treatment is expected to limit the checkpoint inhibitor market. Major companies in the checkpoint inhibitor market are forming partnerships or collaborations for the development of advanced technologies such as bifunctional fusion protein or Y-trap. Most of the patients with cancer do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. To make immunotherapies more effective, a group of researchers has developed the bifunctional fusion protein or Y-trap. This drug is created by fusing a receptor for a protein called TGF-beta that targets checkpoint protein such as PD-L1 or CTLA-4. Y- Trap targets both a checkpoint inhibitor and TGF-beta and gives a more effective way to block the immune suppression and destroys the cancer cells. Merck, a prominent science and technology group, and GSK, a research-based global healthcare company, have announced that they have entered into a global strategic partnership to jointly create and market M7824 (bintrafusp alfa). M7824 is an investigational bi-functional fusion protein immunotherapy that is currently in clinical research, including possible registration trials, for various difficult-to-treat cancers. This includes a Phase II study to investigate M7824 compared to pembrolizumab as a first-line treatment in patients with PD-L1 expressing advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In another instance, in June 2020, Targovax, a Norway-based biotechnology company that develops immune activators for targeting solid tumors, entered into a collaboration with Leidos’ Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH) division for evaluating the potential of using ONCOS, a Targovax's clinical program of oncolytic adenoviruses, as a vector to encode Microtide™ checkpoint inhibitor peptides. In June 2020, Targovax, a Norway-based biotechnology company, entered into a collaboration with the Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH) division of Leidos for evaluating the potential of using ONCOS, a Targovax's clinical program of oncolytic adenoviruses, as a vector to encode Microtide™ checkpoint inhibitor peptides. Explorations in Global Health (ExGloH) division of Leidos has created a specific, proprietary portfolio of microbially-derived peptides called MicrotideTM that act as immune checkpoint inhibitors. Leidos is a US-based company that deals with defense, aviation, information technology, and biomedical research. Major players in the checkpoint inhibitors market are, AstraZeneca PLC, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Roche Holding AG, Pfizer, Incyte Corporation, Novartis AG, and NewLink Genetics Corporation. The regions covered in the checkpoint inhibitors market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the checkpoint inhibitors market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global checkpoint inhibitors market is segmented - 1) By Drug: PD-1 Inhibitors, PD-L1 Inhibitors, CTLA-4, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell, Others 2) By Application: Lung Cancer, Renal Cancer, Blood Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Melanoma, Others 3) By End-Users: Hospitals Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, Online Pharmacies

The TNF alpha inhibitors market consists of sales of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) inhibitors by entities that manufacture TNF alpha inhibitors. TNF alpha inhibitors are a group of medicines that conquer the body’s natural response to TNF, a protein produced by white blood cells, involved in early inflammatory events. These are important treatments in the number of inflammatory conditions including spondylarthritis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The TNF alpha inhibitors market covered in this report is segmented by drug into remicade (infliximab), enbrel (etanercept), humira (adalimumab), cimzia (certolizumab pegol), simponi (golimumab). The TNF alpha inhibitors market is also segmented by route of administration into oral, subcutaneous, intravenous, others and by disease type into inflammatory bowel disease, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis (UC), rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, others. The global TNF alpha inhibitors market is expected to grow from $38.85 billion in 2020 to $40.33 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.8%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The TNF alpha inhibitors market is expected to reach $45.74 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 3%. The growing prevalence of inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis is a key factor driving the growth of the TNF alpha inhibitors market. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) inhibitors are commonly used in gastroenterology, dermatology and rheumatology for the treatment of various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Globally, the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is about 0.5-24.5 cases for ulcerative colitis per 100,000 person-years and 0.1-16 cases for Crohn's disease per 100,000 person-years, and overall, IBD prevalence is 396 cases per 100,000 people each year. Thus, the increasing number of cases of inflammatory diseases increases the demand for TNF alpha inhibitors contributing to the growth of the market. The adverse side effects of TNF alpha inhibitors on patients are expected to limit the growth of the TNF alpha inhibitors market. The multiple adverse effects of TNF alpha inhibition identified by clinical trials and post-marketing surveillance include injection site reactions, neutropenia, infusion reactions, and infections. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), TNA alpha inhibitors can cause serious infections in people with weaker immune systems or low resistance levels. The infections can be bacterial, mycobacterial, fungal, and viral leading to various diseases such as tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, candidiasis, blastomycosis, and hepatitis B. These side effects force patients to prefer alternatives such as non-TNF biologics, which hampers the growth of the market. In May 2020, AbbVie Inc, a US-based biopharmaceutical company, completed the acquisition of Allergan plc for an amount of $63 billion. The acquisition is expected to expand and diversify AbbVie Inc’s revenue base and its existing immunology portfolio. Allergan plc is an Ireland-based pharmaceutical company engaged in manufacturing and marketing drugs and medical devices in the areas of the central nervous system, eye care, medical aesthetics, and gastroenterology. Major players in the TNF alpha inhibitors market are AbbVie Inc., Amgen Inc., Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc., UCB S.A, Novartis International AG, Pfizer, Inc., Merck & co., Inc., Janssen Biotech, Ablynx, and Momenta Pharmaceuticals. The regions covered in the TNF alpha inhibitors market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the TNF alpha inhibitors market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global TNF alpha inhibitors market is segmented - 1) By Drug: Remicade (Infliximab), Enbrel (Etanercept), Humira (Adalimumab), Cimzia (Certolizumab Pegol), Simponi (Golimumab) 2) By Route Of Administration: Oral, Subcutaneous, Intravenous, Others 3) By Disease Type: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Psoriatic Arthritis, Ulcerative Colitis (UC), Rheumatoid Arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Others

The HER2 inhibitors market consists of sales of HER2 inhibitors and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that manufacture HER2 inhibitors. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) inhibitors slow down or stop cell growth thus reducing the risk for cancer growth. The HER2 inhibitor market covered in this report is segmented by treatment into monotherapy, combination therapy; by application into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, breast cancer, others; by end user into hospitals, clinics, others. The global her2 inhibitors market is expected to grow from $5.98 billion in 2020 to $6.4 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The HER2 inhibitors market is expected to reach $9.31 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 10%. The rise in the number of breast cancer cases across the globe is likely to contribute to the growth of the HER-2 inhibitors market during the forecast period. According to the American Cancer Society, there were 1.7 million new cases and 0.6 million cancer deaths in 2019 in the USA. As of January 2020, there were more than 3.5 million women with a history of breast cancer in the US. This includes women currently being treated and women who have completed their treatment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 627,000 people died of breast cancer in 2018, which is about 15% of all women cancer deaths. Therefore, the rise in the breast cancer incidence rate globally is anticipated to boost the demand for the HER-2 inhibitors market over the forthcoming years. High costs associated with the HER-2 inhibitors treatment is a major issue faced by citizens of many countries. The pressure to contain costs and demonstrate value is widespread. Political uncertainty and persistent economic stress in numerous countries are calling into question the sustainability of public health care funding. In less wealthy countries, the lack of cost-effective therapies for cancer has influenced the health conditions of the population and has led to a low average life expectancy. Trastuzumab, a licensed HER2 inhibitor, has been the most expensive systemic cancer therapy procedure at a variety of disease sites. In 2019, the cost of trastuzumab in India ranged from $774.6 to $841.35 per 440 mg vial. In patients with HER 2 positive early breast cancer, nearly 18 cycles of therapy based on trastuzumab are needed that further charge more than $1,335.52 in India. Therefore, the high cost of HER2 inhibitors is expected to hinder the growth of the HER2 inhibitors market. Biotechnology companies are focusing on acquiring or partnering with biopharmaceutical companies to develop and promote the HER-2 inhibitors market. There have been several partnerships in recent years which help these companies to increase their HER-2 inhibitors portfolio, enhance their revenues and share the costs. For instance, in June 2020, Alphamab Oncology, a biotechnology company, collaborated with Sanofi, a pharmaceutical company, for investigating KN026 in combination with other drugs for the treatment of HER2 breast cancer. KN026 is a HER2 inhibitor developed by Alphamab Oncology. In 2019, Daiichi Sankyo announced its collaboration with AstraZeneca for development and commercialization collaboration for Daiichi Sankyo’s HER2 targeting antibody drug conjugate. In March 2018, Seattle Genetics announced its decision to acquire Cascadian Therapeutics for $614 million. The acquisition is expected to positively impact Seattle Genetic's product portfolio and boost its late-stage cancer drug pipeline. Cascadian Therapeutics is a US-based company that had developed an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, which is pivotal in mid-stage tests for advanced HER2 breast cancers. It is also slated for tests in other HER2 cancers such as colon cancer. Major players in the HER2 inhibitors market are F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Merck & Co. Inc., Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc., Puma Biotechnology Inc., Boehringer-Ingelheim, Mylan, Biocon. The regions covered in the HER2 inhibitors market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the HER2 inhibitors market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global HER2 inhibitors market is segmented - 1) By Treatment: Monotherapy, Combination Therapy 2) By Application: Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Large Cell Carcinoma, Breast Cancer, Others 3) By End User: Hospitals, Clinics, Others

The interleukin inhibitors market consists of the sales of interleukin inhibitors such as interleukin -1, interleukin -5, interleukin -6, interleukin -17, interleukin 23, by companies that manufacture them. These interleukin inhibitors are used for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. The interleukins inhibitors market covered in this report is segmented by type into IL-17, IL-23, IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, others. The interleukin inhibitors market is also segmented by application into psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, others and by application into hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies, online pharmacies. The global interleukin inhibitors market is expected to grow from $17.73 billion in 2020 to $19.88 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.1%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The interleukin inhibitors market is expected to reach $32 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 13%. An increase in the number of investigational drugs for inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease will drive the interleukin inhibitors market. Inhibitors of interleukin decrease the actions of the inflammatory cytokines, stimulate innate immune responses preventing damage to the host, and maintain normal tissue homeostasis. There are 48 molecules under investigation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Among these, 20 molecules are in Phase III clinical trials. These growing numbers of pipeline drugs will drive the interleukin inhibitor market upon approval. High costs associated with biological therapy are hampering the interleukin inhibitors market. Biologic treatment that has revolutionized the care of psoriasis patients is expensive than the other treatments. The total annual cost ranged from $2,077 to US $13,132 for psoriasis and from $10,924 to $17,050 for psoriatic arthritis, per patient. As of 2020, biologics treatment cost was around $10,000 to $30,000 per year. The higher price of biologics and low healthcare expenditure in developing countries is, therefore, likely to hinder the market growth. Patent expiry of biologic drugs is opening opportunities for biosimilar drugs, which are a cheap alternative. Major companies in the interleukins sector are focusing on developing biosimilars for interleukin inhibitors. For instance, biosimilars for IL inhibitors such as canakinumab (Ilaris), ustekinumab (Stelara), tocilizumab (Actemra), and secukinumab (Cosentyx) among others are in development by Mabpharm, NeuClone Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Gedeon Richter, and Bio-Thera Solutions, respectively. Despite the clinical benefits associated with the use of biologics in psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases, many patients are not treated with biologic therapy, and access to treatment may be limited for several reasons including higher treatment costs. This factor coupled with rapid advances in biotechnology and analytical sciences, which ensure comparability of biosimilars to biologic drugs, drive the trend for biosimilars. Major players in the interleukin inhibitors market are Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Johnson & Johnson, Roche, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Teva Pharmaceutical, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. The regions covered in the interleukin inhibitors market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the interleukin inhibitors market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global interleukin inhibitors market is segmented - 1) By Type: IL-17, IL-23, IL-1, IL-5, IL-6, Others 2) By Application: Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Asthma, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Others 3) By Distribution Channel: Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, Online Pharmacies

The immunosuppressant market consists of sales of immunosuppressants or anti-rejection drugs generated by companies manufacturing immunosuppressant drugs. Immunosuppressants are medicinal substances that prevent or inhibit activity in the immune system. Immunosuppressive drugs are mainly used in organ transplantation procedures and also in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and others. The immunosuppressants market covered in this report is segmented by drug class into corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, anti-proliferative agents, others. The immunosuppressant market is also segmented by indication into organ transplantation, autoimmune disorders, non-autoimmune inflammatory diseases and by distribution channel into hospital pharmacies, retail pharmacies, online pharmacies. The global immunosuppressants market is expected to grow from $15.04 billion in 2020 to $16.5 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.7%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The immunosuppressant market is expected to reach $25.33 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 11%. The surge in organ transplant procedures such as kidney transplant and liver transplant due to the rise in incidences of organ failure is the major factor driving the immunosuppressant market growth. According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), 39,718 organ transplants were performed in 2019 in the United States, and as of March 2020, there are more than 112,000 candidates on the U.S. national transplant waiting list, waiting for an organ transplant. According to the Global Liver Institute’s 2019 report, there are 13,192 liver patients in the U.S. waiting for a lifesaving transplant. The increasing number of cases of organ transplants and organ failure incidences in patients are, therefore, expected to drive the market growth. Stringent government regulations are expected to hamper the growth of the market. Regulators such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maintain public safety for food and drugs through a stringent regulatory drug approval process. For an immunosuppressant drug to be approved by the regulatory authorities, the sponsor must provide satisfactory evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of a drug in a patient with a defined clinical condition. Sponsors should submit to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) any information on the immunotoxicology evaluation of drugs whenever such information becomes available, for review. Many guidelines have also been adopted by the EU including those providing general guidance, more specific guidance on quality issues, and non-clinical and clinical aspects. Therefore, the stringent regulatory and approval process on immunosuppressant drugs are projected to hamper the overall growth of the immunosuppressants market. The phenotypic personalized medicine or PPM or a hybrid of artificial intelligence and physician intervention is a new approach to overcome the issues with immunosuppressants. For instance, Tacrolimus is the most widely used immunosuppressant for patients who are undergoing organ transplantation. When the patient is in the hospital, Tacrolimus immunosuppressant levels must be checked regularly and changed frequently. PPM approach that is based on a computational platform is used to overcome this concern. The inputs from the computational platform-based PPM approach includes the past response of the patient to the dose of the drug and other drugs that are being taken, and current data on liver and kidney. Using PPM, the physician can identify the optimal drug and dose combination from various possibilities. Therefore, it is believed that artificial intelligence is leading the way to not only more personalized and effective drug dosing but also enhancing physicians’ decision-making capabilities by providing clinical data rather than predicted responses. In 2019, AbbVie, an American publicly-traded biopharmaceutical company, acquired Allergan for $63 billion. The transaction significantly expanded and diversified AbbVie's revenue base and existing leadership position in immunology with humira and recently launched skyrizi and rinvoq, and hematologic oncology with imbruvica and venclexta. Allergan provides new growth opportunities in neuroscience, with Botox therapeutics, Vraylar, and Ubrelvy and a global aesthetics business, with leading brands including Botox and Juvéderm. Allergan is an Irish-domiciled pharmaceutical company that develops, manufactures, and markets brand name drugs and medical devices in the areas of medical aesthetics, eye care, central nervous system, and gastroenterology. Major players in the immunosuppressant market are Astellas Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Mylan Laboratories Inc, Pfizer, Novartis, Novartis AG, and Sanofi S.A. The regions covered in the immunosuppressant market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the immunosuppressant market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global immunosuppressants market is segmented - 1) By Drug Class: Corticosteroids, Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs), Calcineurin Inhibitors, mTOR Inhibitors, Anti-Proliferative Agents, Others 2) By Indication: Organ Transplantation, Autoimmune Disorders, Non-Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases 3) By Distribution Channel: Hospital Pharmacies, Retail Pharmacies, Online Pharmacies

The nucleic acid-based gene therapy market consists of sales of nucleic acid-based gene therapy products and services. Gene therapy is used for correcting defective genes that are responsible for disease development. Moreover, nucleic acid-based therapeutics are used to treat genetic disorders and diseases for which there exists no permanent cure such as anaemia, sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and thalassemia. The nucleic acid-based gene therapy market covered in this report is segmented by technology into anti-sence and anti-gene, short inhibitory sequences, gene transfer therapy, nucleoside analogs, ribozymes, aptamers, others. It is also segmented by application into oncology, muscular dystrophy/ muscular disorders, rare diseases and by end user into hospitals and clinics, academic and research institutes. The global nucleic acid based gene therapy market is expected to grow from $0.56 billion in 2020 to $0.61 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.9%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The nucleic acid-based gene therapy market is expected to reach $0.85 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 9%. Rising financial support by the government and the companies is projected to drive the demand for nucleic acid based gene therapy. Nucleic acid therapeutics are analogs of naturally occurring acids or proteins responsible for genetic expression. The traditional therapies do not have any cure for the treatment of diseases such as cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia, and diabetes. Genetic profiling and molecular target identification form the backbone of these classes of drugs. Nucleic acid medication has greater potential for the treatment of these diseases, as they target the genetic basis of diseases and have a permanent cure. Rising financial support by the government and the companies dealing in the market for gene therapy is expected to contribute to increasing the demand for nucleic acid-based gene therapies. For instance in October 2019, the USA National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced plans to invest $100 million for the next four years to cure HIV and sickle cell disease with gene therapies. The government support for gene therapies will contribute to the growth of the market. Stringent regulations imposed on gene therapies raises the price of gene therapies, which in turn hinders the demand for nucleic acid-based gene therapies. The excessive regulatory oversights create an expensive and elongated route for approval increasing the expenses. According to Foundation for Economic Education (FEE), unlike other drugs approved or regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), gene therapies are not only subject to the regulatory structure of FDA, but also the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee and Office of Biotechnology Activities. Also, as estimated by FEE, an approved gene therapy drug cost nearly $5.0 billion, which is five times higher than that of the average cost of FDA approval. The high cost of gene therapeutics drugs places them beyond the financial reach of the populace. This scenario is anticipated to restrain the market growth of the nucleic acid-based gene therapy market. In May 2018, Vectalys, a leading biotechnology company specializing in the manufacturing of high-quality solutions for gene delivery and FlashCell, a company engaged in developing non-integrated lentiviral delivered RNA Therapeutics announced the merger to create Flash Therapeutics, a privately held gene therapy company developing cell and gene therapeutics. The new company Flash Therapeutics is expected to focus on the development of RNA therapeutics based on LentiFlash, a non-integrative lentiviral delivery technology for incurable diseases. Major players in the nucleic acid-based gene therapy market are Wave Life Sciences, Imugene, Caperna, Phylogica, Protagonist Therapeutics, Benitec Biopharma, EGEN, BioMedica, Transgene and Copernicus Therapeutics. The regions covered in the nucleic acid-based gene therapy market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East and Africa. The countries covered in the nucleic acid-based gene therapy market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global nucleic acid based gene therapy market is segmented - 1) By Technology: Anti-Sence and Anti-Gene, Short Inhibitory Sequences, Gene Transfer Therapy, Nucleoside Analogs, Ribozymes, Aptamers, Others 2) By Application: Oncology, Muscular Dystrophy/ Muscular Disorders, Rare Diseases 3) By End User: Hospitals And Clinics, Academic And Research Institutes

The protein inhibitors market consists of sales of protein inhibitors by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that are engaged in the manufacturing of protein inhibitors. Protein synthesis inhibitors stop the development of cells by disrupting the process leading to the generation of new proteins. Protein inhibitors is a pharmaceutical drug that acts on the proteins (special target) in the body and finds applications in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and others. The global protein inhibitors market is expected to grow from $56.97 billion in 2020 to $62.54 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.8%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The market is expected to reach $88.74 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 9%. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is predicted to contribute to the growth of the protein inhibitors market over the forecast period. Chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases are becoming more prevalent. According to the World Health Organization, chronic diseases are expected to become the seventh leading cause of death globally by the end of 2030. Moreover, according to the National Health Council’s report published in 2019, there were approximately 133 million Americans affected by chronic diseases, estimated to be 40% of the total population of the country. In the USA, the number is expected to reach 157 million by 2020, with 87 million people having multiple conditions. Protein inhibitors are used for the treatment of these diseases attributing to fewer adverse effects and higher efficacy. Therefore, an increasing number of people with chronic diseases are anticipated to propel the demand for protein inhibitors market. The high cost of protein inhibitors used for cancer is anticipated to limit the growth of the protein inhibitors market in the near future. Monoclonal antibodies are a type of protein made in the laboratory to bind substances in the body including cancer cells and are used to treat various types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies therapies are considered to be costlier when used for cancer. For instance, according to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the average price of monoclonal antibody was $96,731 for 34 monoclonal antibodies indication combinations. Oncology and hematology monoclonal antibodies represented 40% of approved monoclonal antibodies indication combinations, yet accounted for more than 85% of those priced $100,000 or higher. The price of oncology or hematology monoclonal antibodies was $149,622 higher than those used in metabolic or cardiovascular disorders, $106,830 higher than in ophthalmology, $128,856 higher than in infectious diseases or allergy, and $98,981 higher than in immunology. Thus, the high cost of protein inhibitors including monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer is expected to hinder the market’s growth. Companies in the protein inhibitors market are increasingly investing in various strategic initiatives such as partnerships and collaborations to develop new drugs to meet the market demand. Strategic collaborations and partnership agreements help companies to expand their existing product portfolio and geographical presence. For instance, in February 2020, Catalent, Inc., a USA-based provider of delivery technologies, drug manufacturing, gene therapies, biologics, and consumer healthcare products announced the partnership agreement with Zumutor Biologics Inc., an immune-oncology company based in the USA to manufacture ZM008, a monoclonal antibody targeting solid tumors. Moreover, in July 2018, Anima Biotech, a USA-based biotechnology company announced a partnership agreement with Eli Lilly and Company, a USA-based pharmaceutical company for the development and discovery of translation inhibitors of several protein targets using Anima Biotech's translation control therapeutics platform. In December 2019, Sanofi S.A. is a France-based pharmaceutical company announced the acquisition of Synthorx, Inc., a biotechnology company for $2.5 billion. The acquisition is aimed at boosting the immune-oncology pipeline of Sanofi S.A. Synthorx, Inc.’s novel discovery platform has developed a molecule with the potential to become a foundation for the next generation of combination therapies for the treatment of cancer. THOR-707 by expanding the number of T-cells and natural killer cells in the body can be combined with other oncology medicines for treating cancer. Synthorx, Inc. is a USA-based company specializing in protein therapeutics for improving and prolonging the lives of people with autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. The major players covered in the global protein inhibitors market are Bayer AG, Astra Zeneca, Roche, Teva, Apotex, Novartis, Glaxosmithkline, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Abbott Laboratories, Amgen Inc., Baxter International Inc., Merck & Co. Inc. The countries covered in the global protein inhibitors market are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The regions covered in the global protein inhibitors market are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa. The global protein inhibitors market is segmented - 1) By Product: Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Monoclonal Antibody, Others 2) By Application: Oncology, Inflammatory Diseases, Others 3) By Distribution Channel: Hospital Pharmacies, Independent Pharmacies, Online Pharmacies