Transport Industry Overview

The electric bikes market consists of sales of electric bikes by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that run on rechargeable batteries or through pedaling. Electronic bikes are battery-powered bikes that resemble gas-powered bikes but require electric power to operate. Electric bikes are equipped with an integrated electric motor driving system and a battery that produces power for causing or assisting propulsion. E-bikes range from bikes with a modest motor to help the rider's pedal-power to more powerful e-bikes that provide electricity to operate the bike using the throttle. Electric bikes are a versatile, eco-friendly, and aesthetic means of transportation. The main types of classes in electric bikes are class-I, class-II, and class-III. Class-I is a type of electric bike that has an electric motor and works only while pedaling. The different motor types include mid-motor, hub motor and have various battery types such as lead-acid, lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), others. It is used in several applications including mountain or trekking, city or urban, cargo, and others. The global electric bikes market is expected to grow from $36.52 billion in 2021 to $40.40 billion in 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.6%. The change in growth trend is mainly due to the companies stabilizing their output after catering to the demand that grew exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The market is expected to reach $59.49 billion in 2026 at a CAGR of 10.2%. The implementation of government regulations to encourage the use of electric bikes is expected to propel the growth of the electric bikes market in the coming years. Electric bikes have a longer range and are easier to use, allowing users to travel without sweating, pull bigger loads, run more errands, and take longer journeys. For instance, in 2021, the FAME India Scheme (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid & Electric Vehicles) was implemented with a budget of $1.36 billion and it focuses on the electrification of public and shared transportation. Furthermore, in 2021, the California state budget committed $10 million to the Air Resources Board to implement the e-bike rebate program by July 2022. Therefore, the implementation of government regulations to encourage electric bikes drives the electric bikes market. Technological advancements are shaping the electric bikes market. Major companies operating in the electric bikes sector are focused on developing technological solutions for electric bikes to meet customer demand and strengthen their position. For instance, in September 2021, Bosch, a Germany-based technology company has unveiled its new Smart System, a comprehensive package that includes innovative digital advances, such as a new mobile app and wireless remote control, to improve the digitalization of bikes utilizing the company's drivetrain system. Riders may set riding modes, automatically record activity, and integrate fitness apps including Apple Health with the new mobile app. In November 2019, Pon Bicycle Holding B.V., the Netherlands-based company acquired Urban Arrow for an undisclosed amount. The acquisition would allow Pon Bicycle Holding B.V to increase its portfolio with the addition of various electric bikes of Urban Arrow. Urban Arrow is a Netherlands-based manufacturer of electric cargo bikes. Major players in the electric bikes market are Accell Group, Derby Cycle AG, Tianjin Fuji-ta Group, Giant Bicycles, Mahindra & Mahindra, Merida Industry Co. Ltd., Pedego Electric Bikes, Tianjin Golden Wheel Bicycle Group Co Ltd, Trek Bicycle Corporation, Pon Bicycle Holding B.V., VanMoof, FRITZMEIER Systems GmbH & Co. KG, Gocycle, Klever Mobility, and Panasonic. Asia Pacific was the largest region in the electric bikes market in 2020. Europe is expected to be the fastest-growing region in the forecast period. The regions covered in this report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the electric bikes market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global ebikes market report is segmented- 1) By Class: Class-I, Class-II, Class-III 2) By Motor Type: Mid Motor, Hub Motor 3) By Battery Type: Lead Acid, Lithium Ion (Li-ion), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Others 4) By Application: Mountain Or Trekking, City Or Urban, Cargo, Others

The flying cars market consists of sales of flying cars by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that is a type of vehicle that can function as both a personal road vehicle and an aircraft. Flying cars also known as hover cars, usually use rotors instead of wings and are smaller than a commercial aircraft, and have lower emissions. The main types of products in flying cars are manned flying cars and unmanned flying cars. The manned flying car is a type of flying car that requires a trained professional driver or a pilot to fly the vehicle using the car's control system. The capacity of flying cars ranges from 2-seater, 3 and 4 seaters, 5-seaters and is used in military, commercial or civil applications. The global flying cars market is expected to grow from $34.41 million in 2020 to $52.20 million in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 51.7%. The growth in the flying cars market is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The flying cars market is expected to reach $330.94 million in 2025 at a CAGR of 58.7%. The increase in demand for environmentally friendly transportation will propel the growth of the flying cars market during the forecast period. Flying cars use vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) to take off cars. According to a 2019 study by the University of Michigan, energy use and emissions during 5 phases of VTOL flight have shown emissions from the VTOL were 52% lower than petrol vehicles and 6% lower than battery-electric vehicles. Flying cars are a lot more efficient over longer trips than shorter trips when compared to passenger cars. Therefore, the increasing demand for environmentally friendly transportation is expected to drive the growth of the flying cars market. The rapid adoption of advanced technology is shaping the flying cars market. Major companies operating in the flying cars sector are focused on adopting advanced technology such as the fast-developing distributed electric propulsion (DEP) technology which plays a role in efficiency, helps with quieter take-offs, and hovering. For instance, in August 2019, Airspace Experience Technologies (ASX), an American company developed the MOBiOne electric vertical take-off and landing vehicle that uses a distributed electric propulsion system (DEP) and integrates a hybrid propulsion system that allows the vehicle to fly without recharging. In September 2020, Terrafugia, a US-based company that manufactures flying cars merged with AOSSCI to form Aerofugia Technology (Chengdu) Co., Ltd. The new company, which is a subsidiary of China's Geely Technology Group, will provide comprehensive general aviation services. For future air travel and UAV products, the two businesses will merge their development teams while keeping the original brands. AOSSCI is a China-based unmanned aircraft system developer. Major players in the flying cars market are AeroMobil, Boeing, Joby Aviation, Airbus, Cartivator, Volocopter GmbH, Terrafugia, PAL-V International, Lilium GmbH, Urban Aeronautics, Moller International, Kitty Hawk Corporation, Workhorse Group, Opener, and Jaunt Air Mobility. North America was the largest region in the flying cars market in 2020. The regions covered in the flying cars market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa. The countries covered in the flying cars market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA. The global flying cars market is segmented - 1) By Product: Manned Flying Cars, Unmanned Flying Cars 2) By Capacity: 2-Person Sitter, 3 And 4-Person Sitter, 5-Person Sitter 3) By Application: Military, Commercial Or Civil

Ship Building Market Definition

The ship building market consists of sales of ships and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that operate shipyards. Shipyards are fixed amenities with fabrication and drydocks equipment capable of building a ship, defined as watercraft typically suitable or intended for purposes other than personal or recreational use. Only goods and services traded between entities or sold to end consumers are included.

The hypercar market consists of sales of hypercars by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that manufacture hypercars. A hypercar is an ultra-modern, high-efficiency, and high-performance vehicle. Hypercar features an ultralight and ultra-aerodynamic design, as well as a hybrid-electric propulsion system that provides extremely high fuel efficiency and minimal emissions.

The main types of powertrains in hypercar are hybrid, electric, and gasoline. The electric powertrain system in a hypercar is a combination of an internal combustion engine with electrical components such as electric motor and power electronics. The different technologies include four-wheel drive, four-wheel steering, active airbrakes, brake steering. The various types of chassis involve are carbon fiber, steel, aluminum and are used in clubs, private, and others.

The global hypercar market is expected to grow from $13.23 billion in 2020 to $18.34 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 38.6%. The growth is mainly due to the companies resuming their operations and adapting to the new normal while recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The hypercar market is expected to reach $71.05 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 40.3%.

The increasing sales of luxury cars are expected to propel the growth of the hypercar market in the coming years. Luxury brands have a greater perceived worth than other corporations, therefore businesses are aiming to improve their luxury vehicle sales during auto shows. A hypercar is one of the most advanced and high-performance luxury cars on the market recently. According to the limelight report in 2019, in the USA, the luxury car market accounts for 6% of total vehicle sales. Mercedes-Benz topped the sales statistics in May 2021, selling a total of 198 luxury cars. Therefore, the increasing sales of luxury cars drive the growth of the hypercar market.

The launch of advanced cars is a key trend gaining popularity in the hypercar market. Major companies operating in the hypercar sector are focused on developing advanced hypercars to strengthen their position. For instance, in March 2020, Koenigsegg Automotive AB, a Sweden-based manufacturer of high-performance sports cars launched a hypercar Koenigsegg Gemera. It is the world's first four-seater hypercar, with a carbon fiber chassis powered by three electric motors with a total output of 1677 horsepower and a turbocharged 2.0-liter inline-three engine with 592 horsepower. It employs Freevalve technology, which activates intake and exhaust valves via solenoids. This combined with cylinder deactivation reduces fuel consumption, claiming that the three-cylinder is 20% more fuel-efficient than a typical 2.0-liter four-cylinder.

In March 2021, Porsche AG, a German automobile manufacturer has acquired an additional 8.5% stake in Rimac Automobili for the amount of $83.3 million. Before this, Porsche AG already owned a 15.5% stake in Rimac Automobili. The deal would enhance Porsche AG with highly innovative series components including batteries and EV parts. Rimac Automobili, a Croatia-based electric hypercar manufacturer and EV component supplier for the automotive industry.

Major players in the hypercar market are Automobiles Ettore Bugatti, Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Daimler AG, Ferrari S.p.A., Zenvo Automotive, Koenigsegg Automotive AB, Maserati S.p.A., McLaren Group Ltd., Pagani Automobili S.p.A., Porsche AG, Volkswagen AG, Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd., Mazzanti Automobili, Mercedes-AMG GmbH, Toyota Motor Corporation, and Ultima Sports Ltd.

Europe was the largest region in the hypercar market in 2020. Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest region in the forecast period. The regions covered in this report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa.

The countries covered in the hypercar market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA.

The global hypercar market is segmented -

1) By Powertrain: Hybrid, Electric, Gasoline

2) By Technology: Four-Wheel Drive, Four-Wheel Steering, Active Airbrakes, Brake Steering

3) By Chassis Type: Carbon Fiber, Steel, Aluminum

4) By Application: Club, Private, Others

The automotive lightweight material market consists of sales of automotive lightweight materials by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that are engaged in the production of different lightweight materials for the manufacturing of automotive components such as carbon fiber, aluminum, and magnesium among others. Automotive lightweight materials are used in vehicles to decrease weight, increase speed, and improve fuel economy. Due to advantages such as reduced material consumption, increased strength, low degradation risk, and improved handling, these lightweight materials are an excellent substitute for bulky conventional materials previously used to build vehicle frames.

The main types of materials in the automotive lightweight materials market are metal, composites, plastics, and elastomer. Metals such as high-strength steel, aluminum, magnesium, and titanium are used to make vehicles lighter and more efficient. Composites are made up of a high-performance fiber (such as carbon or glass) and a matrix material (epoxy polymer) that, when mixed, has superior properties to the individual materials. Plastics are used for added strength, flex, rigidity, fatigue resistance, shear strength, and heat resistance. Elastomers are polymers with high viscoelasticity which are used in the production of components that need to withstand extreme temperatures such as hoses, insulators, seals, bushes, engine mounts, and gaskets. The automotive lightweight materials are used for passenger vehicles, light commercial vehicles, and heavy commercial vehicles for manufacturing body in white, chassis and suspension, powertrain, closures, interiors, and other parts.

The global automotive lightweight material market is expected to grow from $82.53 billion in 2020 to $86.92 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.3%. The growth is mainly due to the companies rearranging their operations and recovering from the COVID-19 impact, which had earlier led to restrictive containment measures involving social distancing, remote working, and the closure of commercial activities that resulted in operational challenges. The automotive lightweight material market is expected to reach $133.01 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 11.2%.

The surge production of electric vehicles is expected to propel the growth of the automotive lightweight material market over the coming years. Electric vehicles are automobiles that are powered entirely or partially by electricity. Electric vehicles have minimal operating expenses since they have fewer moving parts to maintain, and they are also very eco-friendly because they consume little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel). Lightweight materials such as carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic are used in modern electric vehicles, allowing them to run purely on electricity and avoid being classified as hybrids. For instance, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit (The EIU), electric vehicle sales are expected to increase from 2.5 million in 2020 to 3.4 million in 2021 According to a CNBC report published in May 2020, electric vehicle production is expected to rise to at least 1.3 million this year, with the possibility of reaching 1.5 million based on market conditions. Therefore, the increasing production of electric vehicles drives the growth of the automotive lightweight material market.

New product developments and compositions are gaining significant popularity in the automotive lightweight material market. Key players in the automotive lightweight materials market are focusing on developing new and innovative products to the market using lightweight materials such as carbon fiber, aluminum and replacing generic materials. For instance, in 2020, ESE Carbon Co., a US-based composites manufacturer launched a new carbon fiber wheel that was made with customized fiber positioning and custom presses to reduce waste and increase scalability. Also, in 2021, Italy-based Bucci Composites, a fabricator of composite components and systems for automobile, military, maritime, and industrial uses, announced that it had finished construction of a 22-inch carbon fiber automotive wheel rim with advanced features.

In September 2019, Japanese chemical company, Teijin Limited acquired Benet Automotive for an undisclosed amount. Teijin will benefit from Benet's automotive composite technology and its well-proven supplier record. The deal served as a strong growth parameter to improve Teijin's solution growth capabilities as a product supply partner of automotive OEM customers in Europe. Benet automotive is a Czech manufacturer of components for the automotive industry.

Major players in the automotive lightweight material market are BASF SE, Covestro AG, LyondellBasell Industries Holdings B.V., Toray Industries Inc., ArcelorMittal, ThyssenKrupp AG, Novelis Inc., Alcoa Corporation, Stratasys Ltd., Owens Corning, Tata Steel, and POSCO.

Europe was the largest region in the automotive lightweight material market in 2020. North America was the second-largest market in the automotive lightweight material market. The regions covered in the automotive lightweight material market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa.

The countries covered in the automotive lightweight material market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, USA.

The global automotive lightweight materials market is segmented -

1) By Material Type: Metals, Composites, Plastics, Elastomer

2) By Vehicle Type: Passenger Vehicle, Light Commercial Vehicle, Heavy Commercial Vehicle

3) By Application: Body In White, Chassis And Suspension, Powertrain, Closures, Interiors, Others

Commercial Vehicle Market Definition

The commercial vehicles market consists of sales of commercial vehicles and related services by entities (organizations, sole traders and partnerships) that produce complete light trucks and utility vehicles such as light-duty vans, minivans, pick-up trucks and sports utility vehicles, and complete heavy-duty trucks, buses, coaches, heavy-duty motor homes and other special purposes heavy duty motor vehicles for highway use. A commercial vehicle is a motor vehicle that is designed to usually carry more than one tonne payload after seats, however of late many mini vehicles have been launched which carry weight above 500 kilos. Commercial vehicles are usually designed for the transportation of cargo and passengers comprising more than eight seats.

The automotive wheel market consists of sales of automotive wheels by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that manufacture automotive wheels. The wheel is an essential component of every vehicle. It counteracts all of the forces that the vehicle is subjected to during operation, balancing the entire weight of a vehicle. A spoke, rim, and hub are essential parts of an automobile wheel. It is responsible for turning, operating, and directing the direction and speed of the vehicle.

The main material types of automotive wheel are steel, alloy, carbon fiber, and others. Steel wheels are constructed from an iron-carbon alloy. The alloy wheels refers to wheels cast from a mixture of aluminum which makes the tires light weight. Carbon fiber wheels are made of carbon fiber which reduce rotational inertia and combined mass of the vehicle. The different vehicle types include passenger vehicle, light commercial vehicle, heavy commercial vehicle and are available in various rim sizes such as 13"-15", 16"-18", 19"-21", above 21". The different classes of a vehicle include economy, mid-priced, luxury-priced and is implemented in various verticals such as original equipment and aftermarket.

The global automotive wheel market is expected to grow from $29.37 billion in 2020 to $30.41 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.5%. The growth in the automotive wheel market is mainly due to the growing demand for vehicles fueled by growing urbanization. The market is expected to reach $44.28 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 9.8%.

Growing vehicle production is expected to propel the growth of the automotive wheel market. The wheel is an important component of a car, and its demand is directly related to the automobile industry. The increased production of vehicles year by year will increase the demand for automotive wheels. According to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA), the production of all vehicles increased from 18.03 million during January to March 2020 to 21.08 million during January to March 2021. Thus, the rising vehicle production is expected to boost the demand for automotive wheels during the forecast period.

Advancements in technology are shaping the automotive wheels market. Major players operating in the sector of the automotive wheel are focused on developing technologically advanced solutions for automotive wheels to strengthen their position in the industry. For instance, in April 2021, Bucci Composites, a manufacturer of composite materials and structures for automotive, marine, aerospace, and industrial applications announced the completion of the construction of a 22-inch fully carbon fiber automotive wheel rim based on high-pressure resin transfer molding (HP-RTM) technology. The process was optimized and the technology employed was of a high grade, resulting in significant cost savings while still meeting the production rates of the automobile sector.

In December 2020, Wheel Pros, a US-based automotive aftermarket wheels manufacturer acquired TSW Alloy Wheels for an undisclosed amount. Through this acquisition, TSW Alloy wheels provided a great opportunity for Wheel Pros to expand their customer relationships with new and exciting products. TSW Alloy Wheels is a US-based manufacturer of high-end luxury wheels for the automotive aftermarket.

Major players in the automotive wheel market are IOCHPE Maxion, Superior Industries International, Accuride Corporation, Steel Strips Wheels, Hitachi Metals, Citic Dicastal, Zhejiang Wanfeng Auto Wheel, Borbet, Mangels Industrial, Mefro Wheels, Ronal Group, CLN Group, Wanfeng Auto Holding Group, Foshan Nanhai Zhongnan Aluminum Wheel Co, and Super Alloy Industries.

Asia Pacific was the largest region in the automotive wheel market in 2020. The regions covered in the automotive wheel market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa.

The countries covered in the automotive wheel market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, and USA.

The global automotive wheel market is segmented -

1) By Material: Steel, Alloy, Carbon Fiber, Others

2) By Vehicle Class: Economy, Mid-Priced, Luxury-Priced

3) By Vehicle Type: Passenger Vehicle, Light Commercial Vehicle, Heavy Commercial Vehicle

4) By Rim Size: 13-15", 16"-18", 19"-21", Above 21"

The automotive heat shield market consists of sales of automotive heat shields by entities (organizations, sole traders, and partnerships) that manufacture automotive heat shields that are designed to absorb excessive heat by absorbing, reflecting, or dissipating the heat. A heat shield is expected to have high thermal resistance and high thermal emittance. The heat shield helps in protecting the parts from the heat and also deflecting them away or by absorbing them.

The main types of automotive heat shields are metallic and non-metallic. Metallic materials include stainless steel, aluminum, and other alloys, whereas non-metallic materials used for manufacturing automotive heat shields include nylon and ceramics among others. The various types of automotive heat shields include single shell, double shell, and sandwich and are applied to exhaust system heat shield, turbocharger heat shield, under bonnet heat shield, engine compartment heat shield, under chassis. These heat shields are used in passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy commercial vehicles and are sold through OEM and aftermarket channels to the customers.

The global automotive heat shield market is expected to grow from $9.89 billion in 2020 to $11.82 billion in 2021 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.5%. The growth in the automotive heat shield market is mainly due to growing demand for automotive equipment. The market is expected to reach $15.49 billion in 2025 at a CAGR of 7%.

The growing focus on heat shields made of lightweight material is contributing to the growth of the automotive heat shield market. This type of heat shield decreases the weight of the car and also improves its efficiency. A lightweight heat shield provides thermal protection and increases the overall performance of the car as compared to heavy material. According to the Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewables Energy, a 10% reduction in vehicle weight can save up to 6-8% of fuel. The usage of lightweight components and efficient engines in one-quarter of the US fleet can save up to 5 billion gallons of fuel annually by 2030. Moreover, lightweight heat shields insulated with melamine foam can withstand up to 1000°F. Another type of heat shield made with a thin layer of hydrophobic melamine foam for spot heat fix is temperature rated to 800°F, the two heat shields are 98% reflective. The lightweight heat shield offering fuel efficiency and thermal protection is increasing focus on lightweight heatshield, which in turn driving the market for the automotive heat shield.

The companies in the market are increasingly investing in soundproof heat shields. Soundproof heat shields are increasingly being used to meet some of the government rules for noise reduction. For instance, in 2019, Autoneum, a Swiss-based leading manufacturer in thermal insulation of vehicles and vehicle acoustics has come up with acoustic heat shields build from Autoneum RIMIC technology which reduces noise emission of the vehicle. It changes over the airborne sound into thermal energy and absorbs it. The heat shield can absorb high-frequency sounds ranging from 2-6 kHz. Several car manufacturers including BMW, Mercedes Benz, and Volvo among others are using these types of heat shields.

In November 2020, Talbros Automotive Components Ltd., an India-based company that manufactures automotive & industrial gaskets signed a technical assistance agreement (TAA) with Sanwa Packing Industry Co. Ltd. for lightweight aluminum heat shields. The Nimbus product of the lightweight aluminum heat shield by Sanwa is the first aluminum light-weight heatshield for exhaust systems. This product will be a strong support to OEMs in building BS-VI products. Sanwa Packing Industry Co. Ltd. is a Japan-based company that manufactures gaskets, packing, and sealing devices.

Major players in the automotive heat shield market are Autoneum, Carcoustics, Dana Incorporated, Elringklinger, Lydall, Morgan Advanced Materials, Tenneco, UGN, Covpress, DuPont, Federal-Mogul Corporation, Happich, Sumitomoriko, Talbros Automotive Components, Tuopu, Zhuzhou Times, and Zircotec.

Asia Pacific was the largest region in the automotive heat shield market in 2020. Europe was the second-largest region in the automotive heat shield market. The regions covered in the automotive heat shield market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, and Africa.

The countries covered in the automotive heat shield market report are Australia, Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, South Korea, UK, and USA.

The global automotive heat shield market is segmented -

1) By Material Type: Metallic, Non-Metallic

2) By Vehicle Type: Passenger Car, Light Commercial Vehicle, Heavy Commercial Vehicle

3) By Product Type: Single Shell, Double Shell, Sandwich

4) By Application: Exhaust System Heat Shield, Turbocharger Heat Shield, Under Bonnet Heat Shield, Engine Compartment Heat Shield, Under Chassis

5) By Sales Channel: OEM, Aftermarket